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International Women's Year (IWY) was the name given to 1975 by the United Nations. Since that year March 8 has been celebrated as International Women's Day, and the United Nations Decade for Women, from 1976 to 1985, was also established.^[1]^[2]

History

After years of work by the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) to adopt a declaration to eliminate discrimination against women, in 1965, CSW began working in earnest to obtain passage of a declaration to secure women's human rights. Collating responses covering education, employment, inheritance, penal reform, and other issues, from government actors, NGO representatives and UN staff, CSW delegates drafted the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (DEDAW), which was passed by the General Assembly on 7 November 1967.^[3] Once support had been garnered for the declaration, the next step was to prepare it to become a Convention. Though there were delays, by 1972, when the United States Congress passed Title IX, eliminating discrimination in education for any institution receiving federal funding, hope that passage could be secured surged.^[4] In the meantime, members of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) had long been pressing for an international women's year and conference to address women's inequality. As WIDF was designated as an observer and not a member of the CSW, they could not propose the event directly but drafted a proposal. Persuading the Romanian delegate of CSW to present their proposal, it was seconded by Finland. In turn, CSW approved the proposal and submitted it to the General Assembly, which proclaimed 1975 as International Women's Year on 18 December 1972.^[5] The date was significant because it would take place on the thirtieth anniversary of the creation of the United Nations.^[6] But there were problems with the conference. Initially, Soviet women rejected the call for a conference and filibustered the negotiations, preferring to host their own conference in East Berlin that would not be subject to the UN structure.^[7]^[8] As part of the Cold War politics, the United States then proposed that the conference not be limited to women, but should be gender-neutral, because an all-woman conference would not be taken seriously.^[9] Finally, Mexico City agreed to host the conference, and CSW set about the tasks to prepare the "machinery" necessary to secure passage of CEDAW.^[8] Helvi Sipilä, was selected as the Assistant Secretary-General for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs and placed in charge of organizing events for the year.^[4]

International

Mexico City

The first UN World Conference on Women was held in Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July.^[2] The 1975 conference led to the adoption of the World Plan of Action, as well as the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace.^[10] It led to the establishment of monitoring mechanisms such as, International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and set in motion plans for follow-up conferences, the first of which would be held in 1980 in Copenhagen. It established the period of 1975 to 1985 as the UN Decade for Women, to enable progress and failures to be evaluated and resulted in urging that the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) be quickly ratified.^[11]^[12] The 1985 third conference in Nairobi, Kenya, not only closed the decade of women but set a series of member state schedules for removal of legislated gender discrimination in national laws by the year 2000.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19] The 1975 Mexico City Conference was attended by over a thousand delegates. Prominent attendees included Elizabeth Reid and Margaret Whitlam of Australia.^[20] The International Women's Year Tribune was also organized by the conference committee and attended by 4,000 women in 1975.^[2]^[21]

East Berlin

The World Congress of Women was held in East Berlin as a part of IWY soon after the Mexico City event. It idealized women's equality as the "true embodiment of the socialist conception of human rights".^[22] The Working Group on Equal Rights, composed of experts on government and law from the East German Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University and Socialist United Party Central Committee rejected the notion that women's rights should fall under a separate area designated by gender, but instead should be governed by the United Nations Human Right's position.^[23] Angela Davis was one of the key guests at the conference, as was Hortensia Bussi de Allende, former First Lady of Chile.^[24] The state-sponsored program advocated women's solidarity in the national struggles to free women from oppression based on class, race and gender through state socialism.^[25]

Brussels

The International Tribunal on the Crimes Against Women was planned as an event for IWY but was not held until 4 to 8 March 1976 in Brussels, Belgium. Limited by funding strictures, the conference hosted 2000 women from forty countries. Speakers addressed economic exploitation and violence against women in its many forms. The most significant development to come out of the conference was the International Feminist Network.^[26]

Zionism controversy

The 1975 conference was also notable for passing the first "Zionism is racism" resolution passed at any UN-sponsored forum, thus preparing the way for United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 in 1975 the following November.^[27]^[28]

A statement equating Zionism with racism was also included in an annex to a report to be considered at the final conference of the United Nations Decade for Women in 1985 in Nairobi, Kenya.^[29] However, as stated in It Takes a Dream: The Story of Hadassah (1997), by Marlin Levin, "Bernice [Tannenbaum] asked [President Ronald] Reagan to publicly repudiate the U.N. resolution. He agreed and promised that the U.S. delegation would walk out of Nairobi if the Zionism-equals-racism resolution was included in the final conference declaration."^[29] Tannenbaum also convinced the United States Senate to condemn the conference resolution and demand its withdrawal.^[29] She also personally flew to Kenya with a draft of the Senate resolution, where Maureen Reagan, President Reagan's daughter and the head of the American delegation, repeated the president's promise to withdraw from the conference if the resolution was included in the final conference delegation.^[29] Kenya then brokered a compromise in which Zionism was omitted from the final conference report.^[29]

National

Australia

A conference on 'Women and Politics' was held in September,^[20] attended by 700 women.^[30]

Canada

The events of IWY in Canada as a whole raised awareness with Canadian women as well as the general public on a wide range of women's issues and accomplishments. It spurred the creation of the Ontario Women and the Law Association and the Service, Office and Retail Workers’ Union of Canada (SORWUC) and offered funding for many to participate in educational and artistic endeavors aimed at presenting women's perspectives. One such effort was a petition to the National Film Board of Canada which led to the creation of Studio D. The University of Guelph hosted a conference in September dedicated to Nellie McClung and the reform issues which had been important to her.^[31]

New Zealand

In June a United Women's Convention was held in Wellington.^[32]

United States

Events in support of IWY were held throughout the United States by private organizations and NGOs, such as those held in Connecticut, 11–12 June 1977 and the Greater Cleveland Congress, October.^[33]^[34] One of the most significant US events, because it was funded by the US government, was held in Houston, Texas and though planned as an IWY event, did not take place until 1977. The 1977 National Women's Conference included women from each state in the United States and developed a National Plan of Action, mirroring many of the points of the World Plan of Action.^[35]

India

The then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had inaugurated National Women's Day and International Women's Year event jointly sponsored by 50 women's organizations at NDMC Indoor Stadium New Delhi in India on Basant Panchami Sunday February 16, 1975.^[36]

Outcomes

As a result of the international focus on Women in 1975, a number of institutions were established:

International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW)
United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
Women's Studies Resource Centre was established in South Australia during July.^[37]

Emblem

The IWY also launched the "dove" emblem used by the IWY, CEDAW, and UNIFIL. A stylized dove intersected by a female symbol and an equal sign, the emblem was donated by then 27-year-old New York City advertising company graphic designer Valerie Pettis. It remains the official symbol of UN Women^[38] and is used in International Women's Day celebrations to this day.^[13]^[39]^[40]

References

Citations

^ "International Women's Day". UN.org. United Nations.
^ ^a ^b ^c "1st World Conference on Women, Mexico 1975". Choike, Third World Institute. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ Fraser 1999, pp. 891–892.
^ ^a ^b Fraser 1999, pp. 893–894.
^ Armstrong 2013, p. 201.
^ "Background of the Conference" 1976, p. 123.
^ Ghodsee 2010, p. 5.
^ ^a ^b Friedan 1998, p. 441.
^ Teltsch 1974, p. 43.
^ Ghodsee 2010, p. 6.
^ Pietilä 2007, p. 43.
^ "Background of the Conference" 1976, p. 155.
^ ^a ^b Allison Dowie, Dangers on the Road to Complete Emancipation, Glasgow Herald, 22 October 1974.
^ Arvonne S. Fraser. Becoming Human: The Origins and Development of Women's Human Rights, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4 (November 1999), pp. 853–906.
^ WOMEN ON THE MOVE: Message from the Secretary-General, Gertrude Mongella, Secretariat of the Fourth World Conference on Women. United Nations. March 1994/No. 1.
^ Implementation of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women. United Nations General Assembly. A/RES/40/108, 13 December 1985, 116th plenary meeting.
^ Mary K. Meyer, Elisabeth Prügl. Gender politics in global governance. Rowman & Littlefield, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8476-9161-6, pp. 178–181.
^ Anne Winslow. Women, politics, and the United Nations Volume 151 of Contributions in women's studies. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 ISBN 978-0-313-29522-5, pp. 29–43.
^ Chadwick F. Alger. The future of the United Nations system: potential for the twenty-first century. United Nations University Press, 1998 ISBN 978-92-808-0973-2, pp. 252–254.
^ ^a ^b "International Women's Year, 1975". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ Olcott, Jocelyn (2017). International Women's Year: The Greatest Consciousness-Raising Event in History. Cambridge, MA: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN 9780197574744.
^ Donert 2014, pp. 68–69.
^ Donert 2014, p. 79.
^ Donert 2014, p. 81.
^ Donert 2014, pp. 83–85.
^ Bunch 2012, p. 214.
^ Text of resolution 3379:
TAKING NOTE of the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace 1975, proclaimed by the World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July 1975, which promulgated the principle that "international co-operation and peace require the achievement of national liberation and independence, the elimination of colonialism and neo-colonialism, foreign occupation, Zionism, apartheid and racial discrimina as the recognition of the dignity of peoples and their right to self-determination".; "A/RES/3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975". Archived from the original on 2012-12-06. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
^ "International Women's Year Conference in Mexico City, 1975". Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sam Roberts, "Bernice Tannenbaum, Who Fought U.N. Resolution on Zionism, Dies at 101", 9 April 2015.
^ Marian Sawer (29 September 2006). "Red, White and Blue, What Do They Mean to You? The Significance of Political Colours". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ Pierson & Cohen 1993, p. 362.
^ "Forum 1975". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ "International Women's Year Conference Records". Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ "INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S YEAR, GREATER CLEVELAND CONGRESS". Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ Bunch 2012, p. 215.
^ "P. M. inaugurates women's rally (Front page); P. M. inaugurates women's rally (Page 23)". Socialist India (Volume 10). February 22, 1975. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
^ "Women's Movement page 6". SM Memory, State Library of South Australia. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ [tools.unifem.org/unifem_logos/UNIFEM-GraphicStandards.pdf Graphic Standards]. UNIFEM Headquarters, United Nations Secretariat document, New York.
^ Dangers on the road to complete emancipation. The Glasgow Herald. 22. October 1974.
^ Dove Symbol for Women. Associated Press, The Calgary Herald. 10 May 1974.

Bibliography

Armstrong, Elisabeth (2013). Gender and Neoliberalism: The All India Democratic Women's Association and Globalization Politics. New York City, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-91142-5.
Bunch, Charlotte (Winter 2012). "Opening Doors for Feminism: UN World Conferences on Women". Journal of Women's History. 24 (4). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press: 213–221. ISSN 1042-7961. Retrieved 10 May 2017 – via Project MUSE.
Donert, Celia (2014). "Chapter 5: Whose Utopia? Gender, Ideology, and Human Rights at the 1975 World Congress of Women in East Berlin". In Eckel, Jan; Moyn, Samuel (eds.). The breakthrough human rights in the 1970s (1st ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 68–85. ISBN 978-0-8122-0871-9.
Fraser, Arvonne S. (November 1999). "Becoming Human: The Origins and Development of Women's Human Rights". Human Rights Quarterly. 21 (4). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press: 853–906. doi:10.1353/hrq.1999.0050. ISSN 0275-0392. JSTOR 762751. S2CID 143911777.
Friedan, Betty (1998). It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-46885-6.
Ghodsee, Kristen (2010). "Revisiting the United Nations decade for women: Brief reflections on feminism, capitalism and Cold War politics in the early years of the international women's movement" (PDF). Women's Studies International Forum. 33. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier: 3–12. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.11.008. ISSN 0277-5395. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
Olcott, Jocelyn (2017). International Women's Year: The Greatest Consciousness-Raising Event in History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-46885-6.
Pierson, Ruth Roach; Cohen, Marjorie Griffin (1993). Canadian Women's Issues: Volume II: Bold Visions. Toronto, Canada: James Lorimer & Company. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195327687.001.0001. ISBN 9780195327687.
Pietilä, Hilkka (2007). The Unfinished Story of Women and the United Nations. New York, New York: UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service. GGKEY:K1H1G5PGUBB.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Teltsch, Kathleen (10 May 1974). "U.N. Wants It to Be More Than a 'Ladies' Meeting'". The New York Times. New York City, New York. p. 43. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
"Part II: Background of the Conference" (PDF). Report of the World Conference of the International Women's Year: Mexico City 19 June-2 July 1975 (Report). New York City, New York: United Nations. 1976. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.

External links

Media related to International Women's Year at Wikimedia Commons

International Women's Day feature on the UN Women Watch site
Whitaker, Jennifer Seymour. (October 1975). "Women of the World: Report From Mexico City." Foreign Affairs. Retrieved September 6, 2016.

[1] "International Women's Day". UN.org. United Nations.

[choike1453-2] "1st World Conference on Women, Mexico 1975". Choike, Third World Institute. Retrieved 15 July 2007.

[FOOTNOTEFraser1999891–892-3] Fraser 1999, pp. 891–892.

[FOOTNOTEFraser1999893–894-4] Fraser 1999, pp. 893–894.

[FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013201-5] Armstrong 2013, p. 201.

[FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976123-6] "Background of the Conference" 1976, p. 123.

[FOOTNOTEGhodsee20105-7] Ghodsee 2010, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTEFriedan1998441-8] Friedan 1998, p. 441.

[FOOTNOTETeltsch197443-9] Teltsch 1974, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTEGhodsee20106-10] Ghodsee 2010, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTEPietilä200743-11] Pietilä 2007, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTE"Background_of_the_Conference"1976155-12] "Background of the Conference" 1976, p. 155.

[dowie-13] Allison Dowie, Dangers on the Road to Complete Emancipation, Glasgow Herald, 22 October 1974.

[14] Arvonne S. Fraser. Becoming Human: The Origins and Development of Women's Human Rights, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4 (November 1999), pp. 853–906.

[15] WOMEN ON THE MOVE: Message from the Secretary-General, Gertrude Mongella, Secretariat of the Fourth World Conference on Women. United Nations. March 1994/No. 1.

[16] Implementation of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women. United Nations General Assembly. A/RES/40/108, 13 December 1985, 116th plenary meeting.

[17] Mary K. Meyer, Elisabeth Prügl. Gender politics in global governance. Rowman & Littlefield, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8476-9161-6, pp. 178–181.

[18] Anne Winslow. Women, politics, and the United Nations Volume 151 of Contributions in women's studies. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 ISBN 978-0-313-29522-5, pp. 29–43.

[19] Chadwick F. Alger. The future of the United Nations system: potential for the twenty-first century. United Nations University Press, 1998 ISBN 978-92-808-0973-2, pp. 252–254.

[naa-fs237-20] "International Women's Year, 1975". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007.

[21] Olcott, Jocelyn (2017). International Women's Year: The Greatest Consciousness-Raising Event in History. Cambridge, MA: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN 9780197574744.

[FOOTNOTEDonert201468–69-22] Donert 2014, pp. 68–69.

[FOOTNOTEDonert201479-23] Donert 2014, p. 79.

[FOOTNOTEDonert201481-24] Donert 2014, p. 81.

[FOOTNOTEDonert201483–85-25] Donert 2014, pp. 83–85.

[FOOTNOTEBunch2012214-26] Bunch 2012, p. 214.

[27] Text of resolution 3379:
TAKING NOTE of the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace 1975, proclaimed by the World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July 1975, which promulgated the principle that "international co-operation and peace require the achievement of national liberation and independence, the elimination of colonialism and neo-colonialism, foreign occupation, Zionism, apartheid and racial discrimina as the recognition of the dignity of peoples and their right to self-determination".; "A/RES/3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975". Archived from the original on 2012-12-06. Retrieved 2012-11-11.

[28] "International Women's Year Conference in Mexico City, 1975". Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2010-09-26.

[nytimes1-29] Sam Roberts, "Bernice Tannenbaum, Who Fought U.N. Resolution on Zionism, Dies at 101", 9 April 2015.

[30] Marian Sawer (29 September 2006). "Red, White and Blue, What Do They Mean to You? The Significance of Political Colours". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2007.

[FOOTNOTEPiersonCohen1993362-31] Pierson & Cohen 1993, p. 362.

[32] "Forum 1975". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007.

[33] "International Women's Year Conference Records". Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2007.

[34] "INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S YEAR, GREATER CLEVELAND CONGRESS". Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved 15 July 2007.

[FOOTNOTEBunch2012215-35] Bunch 2012, p. 215.

[36] "P. M. inaugurates women's rally (Front page); P. M. inaugurates women's rally (Page 23)". Socialist India (Volume 10). February 22, 1975. Retrieved April 17, 2022.

[37] "Women's Movement page 6". SM Memory, State Library of South Australia. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007.

[38] [tools.unifem.org/unifem_logos/UNIFEM-GraphicStandards.pdf Graphic Standards]. UNIFEM Headquarters, United Nations Secretariat document, New York.

[39] Dangers on the road to complete emancipation. The Glasgow Herald. 22. October 1974.

[40] Dove Symbol for Women. Associated Press, The Calgary Herald. 10 May 1974.

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International Women's Year