Insurance policy

In insurance, the insurance policy is a contract (generally a standard form contract) between the insurer and the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay. In exchange for an initial payment, known as the premium, the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language.

Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts. Since insurance policies are standard forms, they feature boilerplate language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies.[1]

The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract, meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer.[2]: 10  In some cases, however, supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated contract.[2]: 11  One insurance textbook states that generally "courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery, as well as those written afterward as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties' consent, are part of the written policy".[3] The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy.[3] Oral agreements are subject to the parol evidence rule, and may not be considered part of the policy if the contract appears to be whole. Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy.[3] Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur.[3]

General features

The insurance contract or agreement is a contract whereby the insurer promises to pay benefits to the insured or on their behalf to a third party if certain defined events occur. Subject to the "fortuity principle", the event must be uncertain. The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (e.g. in a life insurance policy, the time of the insured's death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (e.g. in a fire insurance policy, whether or not a fire will occur at all).[4]

  • Insurance contracts are generally considered contracts of adhesion because the insurer draws up the contract and the insured has little or no ability to make material changes to it. This is interpreted to mean that the insurer bears the burden if there is any ambiguity in any terms of the contract. Insurance policies are sold without the policyholder even seeing a copy of the contract.[2]: 27  In 1970 Robert Keeton suggested that many courts were actually applying 'reasonable expectations' rather than interpreting ambiguities, which he called the 'reasonable expectations doctrine'. This doctrine has been controversial, with some courts adopting it and others explicitly rejecting it.[5] In several jurisdictions, including California, Wyoming, and Pennsylvania, the insured is bound by clear and conspicuous terms in the contract even if the evidence suggests that the insured did not read or understand them.[6][7][8]
  • Insurance contracts are aleatory in that the amounts exchanged by the insured and insurer are unequal and depend upon uncertain future events.[9][10] In contrast, ordinary non-insurance contracts are commutative in that the amounts (or values) exchanged are usually intended by the parties to be roughly equal.[9][10] This distinction is particularly important in the context of exotic products such as finite risk insurance that contain "commutation" provisions.
  • Insurance contracts are unilateral, meaning that only the insurer makes legally enforceable promises in the contract. The insured is not required to pay the premiums, but the insurer is required to pay the benefits under the contract if the insured has paid the premiums and met certain other basic provisions.[11]
  • Insurance contracts are governed by the principle of utmost good faith (uberrima fides), which requires both parties of the insurance contract to deal in good faith and in particular, imparts on the insured a duty to disclose all material facts that relate to the risk to be covered.[12] This contrasts with the legal doctrine that covers most other types of contracts, caveat emptor (let the buyer beware). In the United States, the insured can sue an insurer in tort for acting in bad faith.[13]

Structure

Insurance contracts were traditionally written on the basis of every single type of risk (where risks were defined extremely narrowly), and a separate premium was calculated and charged for each. Only those individual risks expressly described or "scheduled" in the policy were covered; hence, those policies are now described as "individual" or "schedule" policies.[14] This system of "named perils"[15] or "specific perils"[16] coverage proved to be unsustainable in the context of the Second Industrial Revolution, in that a typical large conglomerate might have dozens of types of risks to insure against. For example, in 1926, an insurance industry spokesman noted that a bakery would have to buy a separate policy for each of the following risks: manufacturing operations, elevators, teamsters, product liability, contractual liability (for a spur track connecting the bakery to a nearby railroad), premises liability (for a retail store), and owners' protective liability (for negligence of contractors hired to make any building modifications).[17]

In 1941, the insurance industry began to shift to the current system where covered risks are initially defined broadly in an "all risk"[18] or "all sums"[19] insuring agreement on a general policy form (e.g., "We will pay all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages..."), then narrowed down by subsequent exclusion clauses (e.g., "This insurance does not apply to...").[20] If the insured desires coverage for a risk taken out by an exclusion on the standard form, the insured can sometimes pay an additional premium for an endorsement to the policy that overrides the exclusion.

Insurers have been criticized in some quarters for the development of complex policies with layers of interactions between coverage clauses, conditions, exclusions, and exceptions to exclusions. In a case interpreting one ancestor of the modern "products-completed operations hazard" clause,[21] the Supreme Court of California complained:

The instant case presents yet another illustration of the dangers of the present complex structuring of insurance policies. Unfortunately the insurance industry has become addicted to the practice of building into policies one condition or exception upon another in the shape of a linguistic Tower of Babel. We join other courts in decrying a trend which both plunges the insured into a state of uncertainty and burdens the judiciary with the task of resolving it. We reiterate our plea for clarity and simplicity in policies that fulfill so important a public service.[22]

Parts of an insurance contract

  • Declarations - Identifies who is an insured, the insured's address, the insuring company, what risks or property are covered, the policy limits (amount of insurance), any applicable deductibles, the policy number, the policy period, and the premium amount.[23][24][25] These are usually provided on a form that is filled out by the insurer based on the insured's application and attached on top of or inserted within the first few pages of the policy.
  • Definitions - Defines important terms used in the rest of the policy.[26]
  • Insuring agreement - Describes the covered perils, or risks assumed, or nature of coverage. This is where the insurance company makes one or more express promises to indemnify the insured.[27][28]
  • Exclusions - Takes coverage away from the insuring agreement by describing property, perils, hazards or losses arising from specific causes which are not covered by the policy.[26]
  • Conditions - These are specific provisions, rules of conduct, duties, and obligations that the insured must comply with in order for coverage to incept or must remain in compliance with in order to keep coverage in effect. If policy conditions are not met, the insurer can deny the claim.[26][29]
  • Policy form - The definitions, insuring agreement, exclusions, and conditions are typically combined into a single integrated document called a policy form.[25] Some insurers call it a coverage form[25] or coverage part. When multiple coverage forms are packaged into a single policy, the declarations will state as much, and then there may be additional declarations specific to each coverage form. Traditionally, policy forms have been so rigidly standardized that they have no blank spaces to be filled in. Instead, they always expressly refer to terms or amounts stated in the declarations. If the policy needs to be customized beyond what is possible with the declarations, then the underwriter attaches endorsements or riders.
  • Endorsements - Additional forms attached to the policy that modify it in some way, either unconditionally or upon the existence of some condition.[30][31] Endorsements can make policies difficult to read for nonlawyers; they may revise, expand, or delete clauses located many pages earlier in one or more coverage forms, or even modify each other. Because it is very risky to allow nonlawyer underwriters to directly rewrite policy forms with word processors, insurers usually direct underwriters to modify them by attaching endorsements preapproved by counsel for various common modifications.
  • Riders - A rider is used to convey the terms of a policy amendment and the amendment thereby becomes part of the policy. Riders are dated and numbered so that both insurer and policyholder can determine provisions and the benefit level. Common riders to group medical plans involve name changes, change to eligible classes of employees, change in level of benefits, or the addition of a managed care arrangement such as a Health Maintenance Organization or Preferred Provider Organization (PPO).[32]
  • Jackets - The term has several distinct and confusing meanings. In general, it refers to some set of standard boilerplate provisions which accompanies all policies at the time of delivery. Some insurers refer to a package of standard documents shared across an entire family of policies as a "jacket." Some insurers extend this to include policy forms, so that the only parts of the policy not part of the jacket are the declarations, endorsements, and riders. Other insurers use the term "jacket" in a manner closer to its ordinary meaning: a binder, envelope, or presentation folder with pockets in which the policy may be delivered, or a cover sheet to which the policy forms are stapled or which is stapled on top of the policy. The standard boilerplate provisions are then printed on the jacket itself.

Industry standard forms

In the United States, property and casualty insurers typically use similar or even identical language in their standard insurance policies, which are drafted by advisory organizations such as the Insurance Services Office and the American Association of Insurance Services.[33] This reduces the regulatory burden for insurers as policy forms must be approved by states; it also allows consumers to more readily compare policies, albeit at the expense of consumer choice.[33] In addition, as policy forms are reviewed by courts, the interpretations become more predictable as courts elaborate upon the interpretation of the same clauses in the same policy forms, rather than different policies from different insurers.[34]

In recent years, however, insurers have increasingly modified the standard forms in company-specific ways or declined to adopt changes[35] to standard forms. For example, a review of home insurance policies found substantial differences in various provisions.[36] In some areas such as directors and officers liability insurance[37] and personal umbrella insurance[38] there is little industry-wide standardization.

Manuscript policies and endorsements

For the vast majority of insurance policies, the only page that is heavily custom-written to the insured's needs is the declarations page. All other pages are standard forms that refer back to terms defined in the declarations as needed. However, certain types of insurance, such as media insurance, are written as manuscript policies, which are either custom-drafted from scratch or written from a mix of standard and nonstandard forms.[39][40] By analogy, policy endorsements that are not written on standard forms or whose language is custom-written to fit the insured's particular circumstances are known as manuscript endorsements.

References

  1. ^ Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961). Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 48, 51, 71. Available through HeinOnline.
  2. ^ a b c Wollner KS. (1999). How to Draft and Interpret Insurance Policies. Casualty Risk Publishing LLC.
  3. ^ a b c d Porter K. (2007). The Legal Environment of Insurance, §5.17. AICPCU.
  4. ^ Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961). Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 54. Available through HeinOnline.
  5. ^ Rahdert MC. (1998). Reasonable Expectations Revisited Archived 2016-10-20 at the Wayback Machine. Conn. Ins. Law Journal.
  6. ^ Hadland v. NN Investors Life Ins. Co., 24 Cal. App. 4th 1578, 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 88 (1994). However, what constitutes a conspicuous, plain, and clear exclusion from coverage was later interpreted narrowly in favor of the insured by MacKinnon v. Truck Ins. Exchange, 31 Cal.4th 635, 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 228, 73 P.3d 1205, 1216 (2003).
  7. ^ St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Albany County School District No. 1, 763 P.2d 1255 (Wyo. 1988).
  8. ^ Standard Venetian Blind Co. v. American Empire Ins. Co., 503 Pa. 300, 469 A.2d 563 (1983).
  9. ^ a b Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961). Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 53. Available through HeinOnline.
  10. ^ a b Clore, Duncan L. (1998). Financial Institution Bonds (2nd ed.). Chicago: American Bar Association. p. 431. ISBN 9781570736209.
  11. ^ Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961). Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 69. Available through HeinOnline.
  12. ^ Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961). Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 61. Available through HeinOnline.
  13. ^ Anderson, Eugene R.; Stanzler, Jordan S.; Masters, Lorelie S. (1999). "§ 11.01, Introduction". Insurance Coverage Litigation (2020 supp. ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 11-6. ISBN 978-0-7355-1173-6.
  14. ^ Anderson, Eugene R.; Stanzler, Jordan S.; Masters, Lorelie S. (2013). Insurance Coverage Litigation (2nd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 1–32. ISBN 9780735511736. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  15. ^ Corban v. United Services Auto. Ass'n, 20 So.3d 601 (Miss. 2009) (analyzing "named perils" coverage).
  16. ^ Vision One v. Philadelphia Indem. Ins. Co., 174 Wash. 2d 501, 276 P.3d 300 (2012) (analyzing "named perils" and "specific perils" coverage).
  17. ^ Anderson, Eugene R.; Stanzler, Jordan S.; Masters, Lorelie S. (2013). Insurance Coverage Litigation (2nd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 1–31. ISBN 9780735511736. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  18. ^ Intermetal Mexicana v. Insurance Co. of North America, 866 F.2d 71 (3d Cir. 1989) (analyzing "all risks" coverage).
  19. ^ JH France Refractories Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 626 A.2d 502, 534 Pa. 29 (1993) (analyzing "all sums" coverage).
  20. ^ Stempel, Jeffrey W. (2007). Stempel on Insurance Contracts (3rd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. pp. 2–113–2–116. ISBN 978-0735554368.
  21. ^ Baker v. National Interstate Ins. Co. 180 Cal. App. 4th 1319, 103 Cal. Rptr. 3d 565 (2009). This case explains how the modern clause more clearly excludes both the "products" and "completed operations" hazards as separate things (i.e., each hazard is separately excluded), as opposed to the prior version which was held to apply only when both hazards were present.
  22. ^ Insurance Co. of North America v. Electronic Purification Co., 67 Cal. 2d 679, 63 Cal. Rptr. 382, 433 P.2d 174 (1967).
  23. ^ Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961). Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 73. Available through HeinOnline.
  24. ^ Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006). "§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy". Insurance Coverage Disputes. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–2. ISBN 1588520757. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  25. ^ a b c Mastin, John M.; Nelson, Eric L.; Robey, Ronald G. (2020). Smith, Currie & Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law: A Practical Guide for the Construction Professional (6th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 541. ISBN 9781119540175. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  26. ^ a b c Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006). "§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy". Insurance Coverage Disputes. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–6. ISBN 1588520757. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  27. ^ Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961). Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 72. Available through HeinOnline.
  28. ^ Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006). "§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy". Insurance Coverage Disputes. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–5. ISBN 1588520757. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  29. ^ Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961). Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 73–74. Available through HeinOnline.
  30. ^ Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961). Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 65. Available through HeinOnline.
  31. ^ Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006). "§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy". Insurance Coverage Disputes. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–7. ISBN 1588520757. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  32. ^ "Pricing Medical Expense Insurance," in Medical Expense Insurance, (Washington: The Health Insurance Association of America, 1997), 89.
  33. ^ a b Impact of the Abolition of McCarran-Ferguson Antitrust Exemption for the “Business of Insurance” Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. CRS.
  34. ^ Boardman M. (2006). Contra Proferentem: The Allure of Ambiguous Boilerplate. Michigan Law Review.
  35. ^ Policy Issues: ISO Program Revisions. PropertyCasualty360.
  36. ^ Schwarzc D. (2011). Reevaluating Standardized Insurance Policies Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. The University of Chicago Law Review. See also: Not All Homeowners’ Policies Are Alike. New York Times.
  37. ^ E&O Insights: Directors & Officers Liability Is Not Your Normal Insurance Product. Insurance Journal.
  38. ^ Time To Standardize Personal Umbrella Insurance Policies. IRMI.
  39. ^ Dart Industries, Inc. v. Commercial Union Insurance Co., 28 Cal. 4th 1059, 124 Cal. Rptr. 2d 142, 52 P.3d 79 (2002).
  40. ^ Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006). "§ 1.03, Types of Insurance Policies". Insurance Coverage Disputes. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–16. ISBN 1588520757. Retrieved 8 March 2017.

Read other articles:

KFLD

Radio station in Pasco, WashingtonKFLDPasco, WashingtonBroadcast areaTri-Cities, WashingtonFrequency870 kHzBrandingNewstalk 870 AM 98.7 FMProgrammingFormatNews Talk InformationAffiliationsFox News RadioCompass Media NetworksSalem Radio NetworkWestwood OneTri-City AmericansOwnershipOwnerTownsquare Media(Townsquare License, LLC)Sister stationsKEYW, KOLW, KONA, KONA-FM, KORD-FM, KXRX, KZHRHistoryFirst air dateJuly 28, 1956 (as KORD)Former call signsKORD (1956-1995)Technical information[1]...

 

Louis-Marie de Blignières

French traditionalist Catholic priest This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Louis-Marie de Blignières – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to r...

 

Anugerah Dangdut Indonesia 2023

Artikel ini memiliki beberapa masalah. Tolong bantu memperbaikinya atau diskusikan masalah-masalah ini di halaman pembicaraannya. (Pelajari bagaimana dan kapan saat yang tepat untuk menghapus templat pesan ini) artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pe...

Человек прямоходящий

† Человек прямоходящий Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапсиды�...

 

Gennadi Touretski

Swimming coach (1949–2020) Gennadi TouretskiTouretski in 2020BornГеннадий Геннадьевич Турецкий17 July 1949[1]Leningrad, USSRDied7 August 2020 (aged 71)[1]Switzerland[1]NationalityUSSR(1949－1991)Russian(1991－)Australian(1996－)OccupationSwimming coachKnown forcoach of Alexander Popov, Michael Klim and Ian ThorpeSpouseInna AbramovaChildrenAlexandra Touretski, Svetlana Turetskaya Gennadi Gennadiyevich Touretski (Russian: Геннад...

 

Shaoguan

Prefecture-level city in Guangdong, People's Republic of ChinaShaoguan 韶关市ShiukwanPrefecture-level cityLeft to right, top to bottom: Downtown Shaoguan from across the Bei River, street scene in central Shaoguan, Shaoyang Tower, the Pagoda of Sixi Temple, aerial view of the cityLocation of Shaoguan City jurisdiction in GuangdongShaoguanLocation in ChinaCoordinates (Shaoguan municipal government): 24°48′40″N 113°35′49″E / 24.811°N 113.597°E / 24.811...

Henry Miller

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Henry Miller (médecin) et Miller. Henry Miller Henry Miller par Carl Van Vechten, en 1940. Données clés Naissance 26 décembre 1891 Yorkville, Manhattan (New York) Décès 7 juin 1980 (à 88 ans) Pacific Palisades (Californie) Activité principale Romancier Conjoint Beatrice Sylvas Wickens, 1917-1924 June Edith Smith, 1924-1934[note 1] Janina Martha Lepska, 1944-1952 Eve McClure, 1953-1960 Hoki Tokuda, 1967-1977 Famille 3 enfants : de Béatrice ...

 

Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерации

Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерациисокращённо: Минприроды России Общая информация Страна  Россия Юрисдикция Россия Дата создания 12 мая 2008 Предшественники Министерство природных ресурсов Российской Федерации (1996—1998)Министерство охраны...

 

André Defline

André DeflineFonctionInspecteur général des carrièresBiographieNaissance 19 avril 1876Bruay-sur-l'EscautDécès 8 mars 1945 (à 68 ans)Billy-MontignyNom de naissance André Louis Joseph Ghislain DeflineNationalité françaiseFormation École polytechniqueÉcole nationale supérieure des mines de ParisActivités Ingénieur, chef d'entrepriseParentèle Pierre Ceyrac (petit-fils)Autres informationsDistinction Officier de la Légion d'honneur‎ (1922)modifier - modifier le code - m...

أتراك

هذه المقالة عن المجموعة العرقية الأتراك وليس عن من يحملون جنسية الجمهورية التركية أتراكTürkler (بالتركية) التعداد الكليالتعداد 70~83 مليون نسمةمناطق الوجود المميزةالبلد  القائمة ... تركياألمانياسورياالعراقبلغارياالولايات المتحدةفرنساالمملكة المتحدةهولنداالنمساأسترالي�...

 

Azov campaigns (1695–1696)

Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700 Azov campaignsPart of Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)Capture of Azov by Robert Ker PorterDate1695–1696LocationMoldavia, Wallachia, Armenia, Caucasus, and the DardanellesResult Russian victoryTerritorialchanges Russia captures Azov, Taganrog and a few more fortresses[1][2]Belligerents Tsardom of Russia Don Cossacks Zaporozhian Cossacks Kalmyk cavalry Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders Peter the Great Mus...

 

خمير (طعام)

جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالمطبخ العربي حسب البلد الجزيرة العربية البحرين الإمارات الكويت سلطنة عمان قطر السعودية اليمن المغرب الكبير الجزائر ليبيا موريتانيا المغرب تونس الشام العراق الأردن لبنان فلسطين سوريا نهر النيل مصر السودان القرن الأفريقي جيبوتي الصومال المحيط اله�...

大同鄉 (台灣)

大同鄉Datong Township舊稱：眠腦、濁水、太平山地鄉 鄉徽 大同鄉位置圖 坐标：24°40′38″N 121°36′32″E / 24.6772°N 121.609°E / 24.6772; 121.609國家 中華民國省臺灣省上級區劃宜蘭縣下級區劃10村74鄰政府 • 行政机构大同鄉公所（立法機關：大同鄉民代表會） • 鄉長何勝立（大同鄉鄉長列表）面积 • 总计657.5442 平方公里（253.8792 ...

 

Victims of Goodbye

Song by Sylvia Victims of GoodbyeSingle by Sylviafrom the album Surprise B-sideUnguarded MomentsReleasedFebruary 1984 (1984-02)Recorded1983GenreCountryUrban Cowboy[1]Length3:01LabelRCASongwriter(s)Dennis MorganDon PfrimmerProducer(s)Tom CollinsSylvia singles chronology I Never Quite Got Back (From Loving You) (1983) Victims of Goodbye (1984) Love Over Old Times (1984) Victims of Goodbye is a song written by Dennis Morgan and Don Pfrimmer, and recorded by American country mus...

 

Rumah makan

Sebuah rumah makan Tionghoa di Johor, Malaysia. Rumah makan atau restoran adalah istilah umum untuk menyebut usaha tata boga, yang menyajikan hidangan kepada masyarakat dan menyediakan tempat untuk menikmati hidangan tersebut serta menetapkan tarif tertentu untuk makanan dan pelayanannya. Meski pada umumnya rumah makan menyajikan makanan di tempat, tetapi ada juga beberapa yang menyediakan layanan pengantaran makanan dan beli bawa pulang sebagai salah bentuk pelayanan kepada konsumennya. Ruma...

White-fronted plover

Species of shorebird of the family Charadriidae from Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar White-fronted plover At iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae Genus: Anarhynchus Species: A. marginatus Binomial name Anarhynchus marginatus(Vieillot, 1818) White-fronted plover (Charadrius m...

 

中华人民共和国反垄断法

維基百科中的法律相關內容僅供參考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取法律相關的幫助或意見，請諮詢所在司法管轄區的法律從業人士。詳見法律聲明。 中华人民共和国反垄断法简称反垄断法起草机关中华人民共和国商务部提请审议机关中华人民共和国国务院公布日期2007年8月30日施行日期2008年8月1日最新修正2022年6月24日（第1次修正）法律效力位阶普通法律立法历程一审：...

 

Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook

Anglo-Canadian business tycoon, politician, and writer Lord Beaverbrook redirects here. For the peerage, see Baron Beaverbrook. The Right HonourableThe Lord BeaverbrookPC ONBLord Beaverbrook in 1943Lord Keeper of the Privy SealIn office24 September 1943 – 27 July 1945Prime MinisterWinston ChurchillPreceded byViscount CranborneSucceeded byArthur GreenwoodMinister of War ProductionIn office4 February 1942 – 19 February 1942Prime MinisterWinston ChurchillPreceded byOffice c...

海陸風

「陸風」はこの項目へ転送されています。大日本帝国海軍が計画した戦闘機については「二十試甲戦闘機」をご覧ください。 湾口（写真奥）から陸（手前）へ吹く海風によりさざなみが立った水面（オーストラリア・ホバート） 海陸風（かいりくふう）とは海岸地帯に見られる風であり、昼は海から陸へ吹く海風、夜は陸から海へ吹く陸風というように、風向が変化�...

 

Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)

Egyptian political party This article is about the ASU in Egypt. For sister parties in other Arab states, see Arab Socialist Union. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Arab Socialist Union Egypt – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this mess...