The impersonal passive deletes the subject of an intransitive verb. In place of the verb's subject, the construction instead may include a syntactic placeholder, also called a dummy. This placeholder has neither thematic nor referential content. (A similar example is the word "there" in the English phrase "There are three books.")
In some languages, the deleted argument can be reintroduced as an oblique argument or complement.
Test of unergative verbs
In most languages that allow impersonal passives, only unergative verbs may undergo impersonal passivization. Unaccusative verbs may not. The ability to undergo this transformation is a frequently used test to distinguish unergative and unaccusative verbs.[2] In Turkish, for example, the verb çalışmak "to work" is unergative and may therefore be passivized:
Burada
here
çalış-ıl-ır.
work-PASS-PRES
Burada çalış-ıl-ır.
here work-PASS-PRES
Here it is worked.
'Here people work.'
The verb ölmek "to die", however, is unaccusative and may not be passivized:
*Burada
here
öl-ün-ür.
die-PASS-PRES
*Burada öl-ün-ür.
here die-PASS-PRES
Here it is died.
'Here people die.'
In a passive construction with an unergative verb, the unexpressed agent is understood to be an indefinite human agent.[3]: 275–276
Venetian has the impersonal passive voice, also called intransitive passive, since it is built from intransitive verbs.
The verb parlar "to speak" is intransitive and takes an indirect object marked by a "to" or by co "with": although there is no direct object to be promoted to subject, the verb can be passivized becoming subjectless, i.e. impersonal. The usual auxiliary "to be" is employed, in the form xe "is" (with zero-dummy) or in the form gh'è "there is" (with gh'-dummy) depending on the local variety.
Xe stà parlà co Marco?
has DUMMY been spoken to Mark? = has someone spoken to Mark?
(Literally) "Is been spoken to Mark?"
Xe stà parlà de tiorGh'è stà parlà de ti
DUMMY has been spoken about you = someone spoke about you
(Literally) "Is been spoken about you" or "there is been spoken about you"
Likewise, the verb tełefonar "to phone / to ring up" takes a dative indirect object in Venetian (marked by a "to"), still it is often used in the impersonal passive:
Xe stà tełefonà a Marco?
has DUMMY been phoned Mark? = has someone rung up Mark?
(Literally) "Is been phoned to Mark?"
Differently from Dutch, the subject can be introduced only with the active voice:
Impersonal passive constructions are quite common in Latin. While transitive verbs can appear in the impersonal passive, intransitives are much more likely to. One notable example is a phrase from Virgil:
Sic itur ad astra. (Aen. 9.641)
It is translated "thus one goes to the stars" (i.e. "such is the way to immortality") or "thus you shall go to the stars" but the word itur is the passive form of ire ’to go’ in the third person singular, so its literal meaning could be rendered like "this is how it gets gone to the stars."
Similarly, Saltatur is literally the third person singular passive form of the verb saltare ’to dance,’ and it means "they (or: people) are dancing" or more precisely, "it is being danced". Pugnatum est is a perfect passive form of the verb pugnare ’to fight’, so this form means "they (or: people) were fighting" or "there was a fight going on" or even more precisely, "it was fought" or "it has been fought."
Another example is the answer to the question Quid agitur? (approx. "what's up?", lit. "what is being done?") in a play by Plautus: Vivitur, approx. "not too bad", literally: "one is alive" or more precisely, "it is being lived", from the impersonal (intransitive) verb vivere (’to live’).
^ abDixon, R. M. W. & Alexandra Aikhenvald (1997). "A Typology of Argument-Determined Constructions". In Bybee, Joan, John Haiman, & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.) Essays on Language Function and Language Type: Dedicated to T. Givón. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 71–112.
