Ignacio Rivas Graces (1827-1880) was a Uruguayan-born Argentine Divisional General of the Argentine Civil Wars and the Paraguayan War. He was notable for being one of the main general who sided with Bartolomé Mitre during the Revolution of 1874 [es] but when he was arrested he was discharged and after being pardoned, he was reincorporated into the Argentine Army in 1877.
He had four siblings, the eldest was a paternal half-sister named Andrea Rivas (c.. 1820 – d. 1895) who married Rafael Bosch,[2] Doraliza Rivas Graces[3][4][5] (Paysandú, ca. 1826 – Buenos Aires, Argentina, December 20, 1908)[5] who married in 1842 with the then infantry lieutenant Estanislao Panelo y Pérez de Saravia[3] who would later be the Mayor of Concordia in 1849, and the minors were the Argentine-Uruguayan landowner Andrés Riva and Narcisa Rivas Graces.[1][2][6]
In 1855, he was sent to the southern border with the Amerindians in Azul. Months later, he established a camp called "Tapalqué Nuevo" on the western bank of the Tapalquén Stream. A short time later, the camp was frustrated due to the close defeats of Bartolomé Mitre in the Battle of Sierra Chica and Manuel Hornos in the Battle of San Jacinto. The area would not be populated by Christians until shortly before the official founding of the town of Olavarría at the end of November 1867.
He participated in the Battle of Tapalqué, in which together with Hornos they repelled the attack of Juan Calfucurá. Months later in 1856, he repressed the uprising of the Redshirts of the Bahía Blanca Military Agricultural Legion, integrating an intervention commission, together with lieutenant colonels José Murature and Juan Susviela with the objective of dominating the state of subversion after the assassination of its commander, Colonel Silvino Olivieri.
Battles of Cepeda and Pavón
In 1858, he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the southern border. He fought in the Battle of Cepeda as head of a cavalry regiment. He returned to Fort Cruz de Guerra where he repelled a Native American attack from Calfucurá who helped the Federalists in their attempt to control the south of the province, advanced to the Chico Stream that crosses the San Juan ranch, where they were finally repulsed.[7]
He participated in the campaigns against "Chacho" Peñaloza, who convulsed seven provinces against the Buenos Aires invaders. He pursued the montoneros throughout La Rioja and San Luis, and defeated them in the battles of Las Mulitas and Los Gigantes. But he convinced Mitre that an agreement should be reached with Peñaloza because it was the only real guarantee of peace. He then signed the Treaty of La Banderita with him through which the submission of Chacho and his men was negotiated in exchange for an amnesty for all the montoneros. Once the signing of the treaties was finished, Chacho handed over the prisoner officers that he had in his power, and received nothing in exchange as all the imprisoned officers had been shot.
Paraguayan War
Rivas then returned to Azul and fought some battles against some Native Americans. In April 1865, he joined Wenceslao Paunero's division, marching to the Paraguayan War. He fought in the Corrientes campaign within the Battle of Yatay and the Humaitá campaign within the battles of Estero Bellaco and Tuyutí. He was the head of the first regiment that began the Battle of Curupayty, where the allies had six thousand casualties and the defenders less than seventy. He was seriously wounded, but even so he kept fighting and Mitre promoted him to General de división.[8]
After a period of recovery in Buenos Aires, he led a campaign through the Chaco to take the Fortress of Humaitá from behind, but it failed. He also participated in the final campaigns of that war, which allowed Asunción to be captured during the Battle of Lomas Valentinas.
Jordanist Rebellion and the Conquest of the Desert
In March 1872, LoncoCalfucurá led a large army of Native Americans into Christian territory again but he made the critical error of facing the forces that came out to pursue him in open field and in general battle. General Rivas decisively defeated him at the Battle of San Carlos de Bolívar [es]. It was the worst defeat for the Amerindians in a long time, and began their final withdrawal from the Buenos Aires Province. A few weeks later, Calfucurá died and Rivas took the opportunity to campaign within the indigenous territory, capturing Atreucó which was one of Calfucurá's main camps.
Revolution of 1874
In 1874, he was one of the main figures of the Revolution of 1874 who supported Mitre against President Nicolás Avellaneda due to fraudulent elections such as how Mitre did before. Mitre believed that there was some difference between his fraud and that of the others and he launched the revolution.
Rivas organized the forces within the interior of the Buenos Aires Province and then placed himself under the orders of Mitre. Although they managed to gather important contingents, they couldn't obtain any key victories. By order of Mitre, they headed towards the north of the province, but on their way, they encountered the entrenched forces of Colonel José Inocencio Arias at the ranch of La Verde and were completely defeated on November 26.
A week later, they surrendered and signed the Treaty of Junín. He was taken prisoner to Buenos Aires and a request was made for Rivas to be sentenced to death. After a few months in prison he was discharged and pardoned by Avellaneda.
Final Years
He was reinstated in the army in 1877 but wouldn't be given any commands as the General Staff considered him dangerous which resulted in his absence from the later years of the Campaign of the Desert. General Ignacio Rivas died on April 8, 1880, in the city of Buenos Aires.[2]
Personal life
Ignacio Rivas Graces married Martina Juliana Rebución on June 8, 1857, in Buenos Aires. They would proceed to have five sons:[9]
Félix Rivas Rebución (b. Azul , State of Buenos Aires , 1860).
Martina Rivas Rebución (b. ca. 1866).
Carlos Rivas Rebución (Azul, Buenos Aires province , December 13, 1872 – Buenos Aires, December 14, 1926) who married on December 2, 1919, in the Parish Nuestra Señora de Balvanera with Elisa Cerana Paz ( n. ca. 1879 – d. 1960) and with whom he had six children:
Carlos Ignacio, Elisa, Ignacio Andrés, María Salomé, Félix Ignacio and César Ignacio Rivas Cerana.
Raúl Rivas Rebución (b. ca. 1875).
César Rivas Rebución (b. 1877) who married Anunciación Quintana Etchar (b. 1887) on October 14, 1914, in the Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy, Buenos Aires and had two daughters: Julia Sofía (b. Buenos Aires, February 20, 1905) and Martina Rivas Quintana (b. March 22, 1908).
^ abArgentine Chamber of Deputies (1891). Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados (Congreso de la Nación ed.). Buenos Aires. pp. 128–132.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abInspector General of Justice (1911). Jurisprudencia de los tribunales nacionales: Publicación dirigida por la inspección. Tip. de la Prisión Nacional. p. 61.
^J. Peuser, ed. (1900). Revista de derecho, historia y letras. Vol. 8. p. 48.
^Hermenegildo Italiano, La última invasión, Ayacucho, 1938.
