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I Gusti Ngurah Rai
I Gusti Ngurah Rai
Birth name	I Gusti Ngurah Rai
Born	30 January 1917; Badung Regency, Bali, Dutch East Indies
Died	20 November 1946 (aged 29); Marga, Bali, Indonesia
Allegiance	Indonesia
Service / branch	Indonesian Army
Years of service	1938–1946
Rank	Lieutenant Colonel
Battles / wars	Battle of Margarana
Awards	National Hero of Indonesia

Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai (30 January 1917 – 20 November 1946) was an Indonesian National Hero who commanded Indonesian forces in Bali against the Dutch during the Indonesian War of Independence. He was killed in the Battle of Margarana.^[1]^[2]

Early life

Ngurah Rai was born in Carangsari, Badung Regency, Bali on 30 January 1917. He studied at a Dutch elementary school named HIS Denpasar,^[3] then went to MULO Junior High School in Malang, East Java.^[3] He then received Dutch military training at the Military Cadet School in Gianyar, Bali, and Magelang, Central Java. After graduating, he joined the Dutch-sponsored military as a second lieutenant in Bali.^[2]^[4] After that he studied at Corps Opleiding Voor Reserve Officieren (CORO), Magelang and pendidikan artileri, Malang.^[3]

Military career

After the Indonesian Declaration of Independence, he established the People's Security Army, the forerunner of the military of Indonesia, for the Lesser Sunda Islands. He then left for the republican capital Yogyakarta to receive orders, before returning to Bali to oppose the approximately 2,000 Dutch troops who had landed on 2 and 3 March 1946.^[4]

Ngurah Rai found that the republican forces were divided and he worked hard to reunite them. He then organized the first attack against the headquarters of the Dutch force at Tabanan. The Dutch then attempted to locate Ngurah Rai's base and offered negotiations, which he refused.

On 20 November 1946, the Dutch launched a large attack on Marga with the assistance of troops from Lombok and supported by aircraft. Lieutenant Colonel Ngurah Rai ordered a Puputan, or fight to the last man. He died along with all of his troops. The battle is now known as the Battle of Margarana.^[2] However, because Ngurah Rai's entire force was wiped out, including the military leadership, the Dutch forces were subsequently unopposed and were able to regain control of Bali. This may not have been possible had Ngurah Rai adopted a guerrilla strategy.^[5]

Burial and national hero status

Ngurah Rai was buried in Marga. On 9 August 1975, he was made a national hero via Presidential Decision No. 063/TK/TH 1975.^[2] Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali is named for him and he appears on the IDR 50,000 note.

Notes

^ Pringle, Robert (2004). A short history of Bali : Indonesia's Hindu realm. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. p. 161. ISBN 1-86508-863-3. OCLC 54517415.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mutiara Sumber Widya (publisher) (1999) p89
^ ^a ^b ^c Pendidikan pancasila dan kewarganegaraan kelas 8. 2014. ISBN 978-602-282-960-7.
^ ^a ^b Sudarmanto, J. B. (1992). Jejak-jejak pahlawan : dari Sultan Agung hingga Hamengku Buwono IX. Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. p. 205. ISBN 979-553-111-5. OCLC 29413875.
^ Agung, Ide Anak Agung Gde (1996). From the formation of the state of East Indonesia towards the establishment of the United States of Indonesia. Linda Owens (1st ed.). Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 89. ISBN 979-461-216-2. OCLC 36860519.

References

Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung (1996) [1995]. From the Formation of the State of East Indonesia Towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia. Translated by Owens, Linda. Yayasan Obor. ISBN 979-461-216-2.
Mutiara Sumber Widya (publisher) (1999) Album Pahlawan Bangsa (Album of National Heroes), Jakarta (Indonesian)
Pringle, Robert (2004). Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of. Short History of Asia Series. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-863-3.
Sudarmanto, Y.B. (1996) Jejak-Jejak Pahlawan dari Sultan Agung hingga Syekh Yusuf (The Footsteps of Heroes from Sultan Agung to Syekh Yusuf), Penerbit Grasindo, Jakarta ISBN 979-553-111-5 (Indonesian)