I Don't Need a Man

"I Don't Need a Man"
Single by the Pussycat Dolls
from the album PCD
B-side"We Went as Far as We Felt Like Going"
ReleasedSeptember 25, 2006 (2006-09-25)
StudioRecord Plant (Los Angeles)
GenrePost-disco
Length3:39
Label
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
  • Rich Harrison
The Pussycat Dolls singles chronology
"Buttons"
(2006) 		"I Don't Need a Man"
(2006) 		"Wait a Minute"
(2006)
Music video
"I Don't Need a Man" on YouTube

"I Don't Need a Man" is a song recorded by American girl group the Pussycat Dolls for their debut studio album PCD (2005). It was written and produced by Rich Harrison, with additional writing from Nicole Scherzinger, Kara DioGuardi, and Vanessa Brown. The song was released as the fifth single from the album on September 25, 2006, by A&M Records and Interscope Records. Musically, it draws from 1980s music and includes elements of dance, pop, and R&B. Inspired by Destiny's Child's "Independent Women Part I" (2000), the song is a post-disco that features feminist themes and rejects objectification and co-dependency, while part of the chorus alludes to masturbation. It has been compared to works by Beyoncé and Inner City.

"I Don't Need a Man" was met with a warm reception from music critics for its catchiness, themes, and sound. Commercially, it gave the Pussycat Dolls fifth consecutive top-ten single in Australia, Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Over the years, the song has appeared on lists of the best feminist songs and best songs about masturbation by various publications. The song's accompanying music video, directed by Chris Applebaum, highlights the group members' femininity, and was compared to the film Grease (1978) by member Ashley Roberts. It received a nomination for Sexiest Video at the 2007 MTV Australia Video Music Awards. Retrospectively, critics have noted the song's influence on recordings by artists such as Beyoncé and Meghan Trainor.

Background

The Pussycat Dolls originated as a burlesque dance ensemble founded by choreographer Robin Antin in 1993. Over the years, the troupe gained popularity which resulted in Antin striking a deal with Jimmy Iovine—then president of Interscope Geffen A&M Records—to develop the Pussycat Dolls into a brand and create a pop girl group, with Iovine assigning the project to producer Ron Fair.[1] Iovine considered the Pussycat Dolls as one of the "label's high-priority projects" and began enlisting various producers and songwriters to "ensure [a] maximum radio friendl[y]" sound for the debut album, PCD (2005).[2][3] Amongst the recruits, Rich Harrison wrote and produced "I Don't Need a Man".[4] Additional songwriters include, lead singer Nicole Scherzinger, who assumed the majority of the vocals and is the only member of the group to have songwriting credits on their album, Kara DioGuardi, and Vanessa "VV" Brown. Brown was hired by Fair to record backing vocals for the group's album.[5] During one session, she unintentionally wrote the song's middle-eight while improvising the improvising bassline. Brown was surprised her contribution was kept.[6] Fair provided additional and vocal production for the song. Tal Herzberg engineered and used Pro-Tools for the track. Further engineering was carried out by Scotty Beats, JD Andrew, Mike Hogue, and Mike "Angry" Eleopoulos. Peter Mokran mixed "I Don't Need a Man" at the Record Plant studios in Los Angeles.[4] Member Ashley Roberts first confirmed on the group's website that "I Don't Need a Man" would be released as the fifth single in Europe.[7]

Music and lyrics

"I Don't Need a Man"
A 23-second sample of the chorus of "I Don't Need a Man", whose instrumentation also consists of "blaring horns."[8]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Musically, "I Don't Need a Man" is a post-disco song,[8] featuring elements of dance,[9] pop and R&B while channeling 1980s tropes.[10][11] The uptempo track,[12] is backed by "blaring horns",[8] "shuffling coconut beat",[13] glockenspiel,[4] synths,[11] the piano, and the Wurlitzer.[4] It has a length of 3:39 and is composed in the key of D minor and set in common time, with a moderate groove of 105 beats per minute. The group's vocal range spans from the low note of A3 to the high note of D5.[14] Critics have liken the sound to the works of Beyoncé and Inner City.[9][11] Scherzinger was inspired to write "I Don't Need a Man" after Destiny's Child's "Independent Women Part I" (2000),[15] which featured feministic themes such as economic independence from men.[16] Similarly, "I Don't Need a Man" advocates for female empowerment and reminds listeners "that there’s a difference between wanting a man and needing one."[8][17] The song also rejects objectification and co-dependency,[18] while the chorus ends with lyrics alluding to masturbation:[19] "I don't need a ring around my finger / To make me feel complete / So let me break it down / I can get off when you ain't around."[20] Thematically, critics have noted the song is a prequel to Beyoncé's "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (2008) and Meghan Trainor's "No" (2016).[21][22]

Reception

Critical

Following, PCD's release, Elysa Gardner from USA Today highlighted "I Don't Need a Man" as one of the album's "better tracks" adding it "[sparkles] despite [the group's] superficiality."[23] Linda McGee of RTÉ was confident would "get much airplay in the future" noting it grabs the listener's attention instantly.[12] Likewise, Emily Tan from Idolator wrote that after "one round of listening to [the song], single women, gay men and the like will be ready to get dolled up for a great night out."[17] Chuck Arnold and Ralph Novak from People magazine lauded the song's themes and production, deeming it as one of the album's best songs.[8] AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine regarded the songs as one of the album's catchiest songs.[9] Nick Butler from Sputnikmusic found the song to be a departure in theme from the rest of the album, although still deemed it a good song.[24] John Murphy from MusicOMH appreciated its synth instrumentation.[11] Spence D. from IGN acknowledged the attempts to sound unique but felt it ultimately blends with other pop songs in mainstream radio.[13] A writer for The Irish Times criticized the song for its formulaic themes writing, "It's the oldest chick trick in the book - act all independent and we'll come running back, begging like dogs. The laugh is, we fall for it every time."[25]

Commercial

In the United Kingdom, "I Don't Need a Man" debuted at number 21 one on the UK Singles Chart in the last week of September 2006, selling 5,448 digital downloads.[26] The following week it peaked at number seven, selling an additional 13,220 copies, giving the Pussycat Dolls their fifth consecutive top-ten single on that chart.[27] Furthermore, the song peaked at number one on the UK R&B Chart and eight on the Scottish Singles Charts, which are compiled by the Official Charts Company's (OCC).[28][29] That same week, its parent album, PCD, crossed the one million mark in sales in the UK.[30] The OCC ranks "I Don't Need a Man" as the Pussycat Dolls' tenth most successful song on the singles chart.[31] In May 2021, it garnered a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for selling more than 200,000 copies in the UK.[32] The song was also the Pussycat Dolls fifth consecutive top-ten single in Australia[33]—where it received gold certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shifting more than 35,000 units)[34]—, Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia),[35][36] Ireland,[37] the Netherlands,[38] and New Zealand.[39] The song reached the top 20 in Austria,[40] Finland,[41] France,[42] Germany,[43] Italy,[44] and Switzerland,[45] and failed to enter the top twenty in Canada,[46] the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),[47] the Czech Republic,[48] Denmark,[49] Sweden,[50] and the United States.[51]

Recognition

"I Don't Need a Man" on listicles
Publication List Rank Ref.
BuzzFeed 50 Girl Power Anthems To Pump Up Your Life
17
[52]
Cosmopolitan 50 Feminist Songs That’ll Have You Feeling So Damn Powerful
26
[53]
Glamour 50 Girl Power Anthems To Pump Up Your Life
Listed
[54]
HuffPost 22 Sexy Songs That Give Female Masturbation The Love It Deserves
9
[19]
Marie Claire 40 Galentine's Day Songs That Are All About Female Empowerment
19
[55]
Nylon The 12 Best Girl-power Anthems Of the Aughts
Listed
[21]
Pitchfork The 13 Best Pop Songs About Women Masturbating
8
[20]
Pride.com 20 Girl Anthems That Made Me A Feminist
19
[56]
Thought Catalog 50 Girl Power Anthems To Pump Up Your Life
38
[57]

Music video

The music video for "I Don't Need a Man" was shot towards the end of July 2006.[7] The following month, Chris Applebaum was confirmed to be the director for the visual.[58] In a blog entry, Roberts deduced that the music video was feminine and simple comparing it to "a modern day scene from Grease (1978).[7] She elaborated the showed their "female ways" in the video like, doing their hair and makeup and shaving their legs.[7][59] The group performs choreographed dance routines which include a seated one, mimicking a hair salon scene.[60] A writer for The Irish Times described the videos as "raunchy".[25] At the 2007 MTV Australia Video Music Awards the video received a Sexiest Video nomination.[61]

Track listings and formats

Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of PCD and Tidal.[4][66]

Recording
Personnel

Charts

Certifications

Certifications for "I Don't Need a Man"
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[34] Gold 35,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[32] Silver 200,000‡

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Release history

Release dates and formats for "I Don't Need a Man"
Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref.
Netherlands September 25, 2006 CD Universal Music
[85]
United Kingdom
Polydor
[62][86]
Germany October 9, 2006 Digital download (EP) Universal Music
[63]
Australia October 30, 2006 CD
[87]
Germany November 10, 2006
[64]
France February 26, 2007
[88]
United States June 19, 2007 Digital download (Hit 3 Pack)
[65]

References

  1. ^ Martens, Todd (March 23, 2008). "Robin Antin's Pussycat Dolls: Running hurdles in high heels". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  2. ^ Moss, Corey (April 20, 2005). "Ashlee And Hilary's Hitmaker Decides To Sing A Few Herself". MTV News. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  3. ^ Lee, Chris (August 1, 2006). "Attack of the Dolls". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e PCD (Media notes). The Pussycat Dolls. A&M Records.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  5. ^ Hunt, El (December 11, 2008). "VV Brown: 'I hated myself because of the music industry'". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  6. ^ Rodgers, June (December 11, 2008). "The R&B star that wasn't". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d Roberts, Ashley. "Ashley Roberts blog posts". PCDMusic.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e Arnold, Chuck; Arnold, Ralph (September 19, 2005). "Picks and Pans Review: The Pussycat Dolls". People. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "PCD – The Pussycat Dolls". AllMusic. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  10. ^ "MUSICDVDs". The Irish Times. December 8, 2006. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d "The Pussycat Dolls – PCD". MusicOMH. September 12, 2005. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  12. ^ a b McGee, Linda (October 25, 2005). "The Pussycat Dolls – PCD". RTÉ. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
  13. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls - PCD". IGN. September 14, 2005. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  14. ^ "Pussycat Dolls - I Don't Need a Man Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com. EMI Music Publishing. 8 June 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  15. ^ Hunt, Elle (November 28, 2019). "Nicole Scherzinger: 'I was living in a very dark world – either working or tormenting myself'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  16. ^ Sager, Jessica (March 1, 2023). "40 Songs That Scream Female Empowerment From Taylor Swift, Lizzo, Dolly Parton & More". Parade. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  17. ^ a b Tan, Emily (February 11, 2013). "Valentine's Day Playlist: The 10 Best Songs For Those Flying Solo This Year". Idolator. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  18. ^ Macpherson, Alex (January 28, 2009). "The Pussycat Dolls: Pop and rock". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  19. ^ a b Bologna, Caroline (August 26, 2015). "22 Sexy Songs That Give Female Masturbation The Love It Deserves". HuffPost. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  20. ^ a b Hughes, Kayleigh (September 4, 2015). "The 13 Best Pop Songs About Women Masturbating". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  21. ^ a b Deczynski, Rebecca (September 7, 2005). "12 Best Girl Power Anthems of the Aughts". Nylon. Archived from the original on July 29, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  22. ^ Ceron, Ella (March 4, 2016). "Meghan Trainor's New Song "No" Is the Perfect Song to Send to Thirsty Dudes". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  23. ^ Gardner, Elysa (September 9, 2005). "Dolls, 'Allstars,' Stuart are superlative". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  24. ^ "Review: Pussycat Dolls - PCD". Sputnikmusic. January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  25. ^ a b "Singles & Downloads". The Irish Times. September 1, 2006. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  26. ^ Jones, Alan (September 25, 2006). "Scissor Sisters score chart-topping double". Music Week. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  28. ^ a b "Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  29. ^ a b "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  30. ^ Jones, Alan (October 2, 2006). "Scissor Sisters enjoy second week reign on UK charts". Music Week. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  31. ^ White, Jack (October 9, 2017). "Pussycat Dolls' biggest singles on the Official UK Chart revealed". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  32. ^ a b "British single certifications – Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
  33. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  34. ^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2006 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  35. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  36. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  37. ^ a b "The Irish Charts – Search Results – I Don't Need a Man". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  38. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  39. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  40. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  41. ^ a b "Pussycat Dolls: I Don't Need a Man" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  42. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  43. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  44. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man". Top Digital Download. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  45. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  46. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  47. ^ a b The Pussycat Dolls — I Don't Need A Man. TopHit. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  48. ^ a b "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select 04. týden 2007 in the date selector. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  49. ^ a b "Hitlisten.NU – The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man" (in Danish). Tracklisten. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  50. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls – I Don't Need a Man". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  51. ^ a b "The Pussycat Dolls Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  52. ^ Spiegel, Amy Rose (September 9, 2012). "The 22 Best Masturbation Jams Ever". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  53. ^ Sullivan, Corinne; Thomas, Leah; Primeau, Jamie (January 17, 2023). "40 Feminist Songs That'll Have You Feeling So Damn Powerful". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  54. ^ Logan, Elizabeth (September 19, 2016). "Just 8 Great Pop Songs About Female Masturbation". Glamour. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  55. ^ Keong, Lori (February 1, 2017). "40 Galentine's Day Songs That Are All About Female Empowerment". Marie Claire. Archived from the original on December 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  56. ^ Willis, Raquel (September 9, 2012). "20 Girl Anthems That Made Me A Feminist". Pride.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  57. ^ Ceron, Ella (June 24, 2014). "50 Girl Power Anthems To Pump Up Your Life". Thought Catalog. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  58. ^ Gottlieb, Steven (August 29, 2006). "Shot: The Pussycat Dolls - Chris Applebaum, director". VideoStatic. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  59. ^ Tan, Emily (February 11, 2013). "Valentine's Day Playlist: The 10 Best Songs For Those Flying Solo This Year". Idolator. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  60. ^ Freedman, Mia (February 5, 2012). "How did this become public wallpaper?". Mamamia. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  61. ^ "2007 MTV AVMAs winners and nominees". ninemsn. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  62. ^ a b "I Don't Need A Man (UK Version) - The Pussycat Dolls". 7digital (UK). Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  63. ^ a b "Musik – "I Don't Need a Man - EP" von The Pussycat Dolls" (in German). iTunes Store (DE). Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  64. ^ a b "I Don't Need a Man: Musik: the Pussycat Dolls" (in German). Amazon.de. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  65. ^ a b "I Don't Need a Man - EP by The Pussycat Dolls - Download I Don't Need a Man". iTunes Store (US). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  66. ^ "PCD credits". Tidal. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  67. ^ "Issue 903" ARIA Top 40 Urban Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  68. ^ "Charts: Top 50 Singles" (in Greek). IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on November 30, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  69. ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  70. ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Dance Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  71. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 44, 2006" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  72. ^ "Nielsen Music Control" (in Polish). Nielsen Music Control. Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  73. ^ "Media Forest – Weekly Charts. Media Forest. Retrieved March 1, 2024. Note: Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart.
  74. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200641 into search. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  75. ^ a b "The ARIA Report - 2006" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 19, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  76. ^ "Jaaroverzichten - 2006 Single" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  77. ^ "Rapports Annuels - 2006 Single" (in French). Ultratop 50. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  78. ^ "Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2006" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  79. ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2007" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  80. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2006" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  81. ^ "2006" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  82. ^ "ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Top 50 Urban Singles 2007". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  83. ^ "Tops de L'année | Top Singles 2007" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  84. ^ "Romanian Top 100 – Top of the Year 2007". Archived from the original on January 21, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  85. ^ "I Don't Need a Man" (in Dutch). Bol.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  86. ^ "The Schedule: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. United Kingdom. September 23, 2006. p. 17. Retrieved August 30, 2022 – via World Radio History.
  87. ^ "New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 30/10/2006" (PDF). The ARIA Report. Australian Recording Industry Association. October 30, 2006. p. 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  88. ^ "I don't need a man – The Pussycat Dolls – CD single" (in French). France: Fnac. February 26, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2022.