Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis

The hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis (HPP axis), also known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–mammary axis or hypothalamic–pituitary–breast axis, is a hypothalamic–pituitary axis which includes the secretion of prolactin (PRL; luteotropin) from the lactotrophs of the pituitary gland into the circulation and the subsequent action of prolactin on tissues such as, particularly, the mammary glands or breasts.^[1]^[2] It is involved in lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy and the induction and maintenance of lactation following parturition.^[3] Hormones that control the secretion of prolactin from the pituitary gland include dopamine ("prolactin-inhibiting factor", or "PIF"), estradiol, progesterone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).^[1]^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b J. Larry Jameson (22 March 2013). Harrison's Endocrinology, 3E. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-07-181487-4.
^ Puetz, Petra; Bellingrath, Silja; Gierens, Andrea; Hellhammer, Dirk H. (2010). "Neuroendocrine Measures in Behavioral Medicine". Handbook of Behavioral Medicine. pp. 659–670. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09488-5_43. ISBN 978-0-387-09487-8.
^ Crowley WR (2015). "Neuroendocrine regulation of lactation and milk production". Compr Physiol. 5 (1): 255–91. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140029. ISBN 9780470650714. PMID 25589271.
^ Tony M. Plant; Anthony J. Zeleznik (15 November 2014). Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press. pp. 479–. ISBN 978-0-12-397769-4.

v t e Physiology of the endocrine system
Regulatory systems	Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system Renin–angiotensin system
Metabolism	Blood sugar regulation Calcium metabolism
Fields	Neuroendocrinology Pediatric endocrinology Psychoneuroendocrinology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
Other	Wolff–Chaikoff effect/Jod-Basedow effect Plummer effect

v t e Human physiology of sexual reproduction
Menstrual cycle	Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
Gametogenesis	Spermatogenesis spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm Oogenesis oogonium oocyte ootid ovum Germ cell gonocyte gamete
Human sexual activity	Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Penile Clitoral Orgasm Ejaculation Male Female Insemination Fertilization / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Vaginal lubrication
Development of the reproductive system	Sexual differentiation Sexual dimorphism Feminization Virilization Puberty Gonadarche Tanner scale Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche Maternal age / Paternal age Menopause
Egg	Ovum Vivipary
Reproductive endocrinology and infertility	Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis Andrology Hormone
Breast	Thelarche Development Lactation Breastfeeding
Human reproductive system	Male Female
Diseases and disorders	Anorgasmia Dysorgasmia Dyspareunia Erectile dysfunction Hard flaccid syndrome Premature ejaculation Vaginismus

Hormones

Endocrine
glands

Hypothalamic–
pituitary

Hypothalamus	GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin (GHIH) MCH
Posterior pituitary	Oxytocin Vasopressin
Anterior pituitary	FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH

Testis	Testosterone AMH Inhibin
Ovary	Estradiol Progesterone Activin Inhibin Relaxin GnSAF
Placenta	hCG HPL Estrogen Progesterone

Other

Stomach	Gastrin Ghrelin
Duodenum	CCK GIP Secretin Motilin VIP
Ileum	Enteroglucagon Peptide YY GLP-1
Liver/other	Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 IGF-2

Adipose tissue

Skeleton

Osteocalcin

Kidney

Heart

Natriuretic peptide
- ANP
- BNP

Prolactin receptor modulators

Agonists

Antagonists

Indirect
modulators

Inhibitors	D₂ receptor agonists (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, lergotrile, lisuride, metergoline, pergolide, quinagolide, terguride) Indirect dopaminergic agents (e.g., levodopa)
Releasers	D₂ receptor antagonists (e.g., domperidone, metoclopramide, risperidone) Indirect antidopaminergic agents (e.g., reserpine) Estrogens (e.g., estradiol) Progestogens (e.g., progesterone) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and analogues (e.g., protirelin, taltirelin) Vasoactive intestinal peptide

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