Somaliland National Charter of 1993 established bicameral legislature.[7] It was at a national gathering of clan elders at the 1993 conference in Boorama that delegates assigned the Guurti the role of peacemaker and upper house of the legislature.[8] The term of office for the House of Elders is six years, but it has never been re-elected since it was founded in 1993.[9]
According to the Somaliland Constitution, the House of Elders has the power to reject a resolution of the House of Representatives, but the will of the House of Representatives prevails if the resolution is re-passed by a 2/3 majority of the House of Representatives.[10]
Somaliland's political form is not yet stable, and although the term of office for the House of Representatives is constitutionally set at five years, actual elections for members have only been held twice until 2023, in 2005 and 2021, due to various circumstances. The House of Elders plays an important role in extending the term of the House of Representatives. The term of office of the President is also set at five years, but the term has always been extended in the past, and the House of Elders plays an important role in this as well.
History
Background
The Guurti, the predecessor of the Somaliland Council of Elders, existed long before the founding of Somaliland. However, it was not institutionalized, nor was it a permanent organization, as the elders of the clans concerned gathered whenever a matter arose.
In 1991, the Somali National Movement (SNM), which was mainly led by the Isaaq clans in northwestern Somalia, declared the establishment of the Republic of Somaliland. However, the military factions were unable to unite the country under their rule, and in 1993, the SNM asked the elders of the clans to mediate between the factions.[11][12]
The 1997 interim constitution set the term of the House of Elders at six years.[15] The Constitution of Somaliland, which took effect in 2001, also clearly states about the House of Elders.[16]
In 2003, the House of Elders' term expired, but the term was changed by presidential decree to "one year after the term of the House of Representatives." The term of the House of Representatives also expired in May 2003, but the House of Elders decided to extend the term of the House of Representatives by two years.[15]
Replaced by 2nd Speaker
In July 2004, Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Yusuf Sheikh Madar, Chairman of the House of Elders, died in London, where he was visiting for medical treatment. Suleiman Mohamoud Adan was elected his successor.[17][18]
Since the Somaliland parliamentary election were held in 2005, the term of the House of Elders was set for 2006. However, in May 2006, the Somaliland House of Elders itself decided to extend the term of the House of Elders by four years.[15]
The presidential term of office as stipulated in the Somaliland Constitution was five years, but in April 2008, the House of Elders of Somaliland approved the president's request to extend the presidential term by one year. Subsequently, the National Electoral Commission requested another one-year extension, citing remaining technical issues, and the House of Elders of Somaliland approved this request as well. The presidential election was eventually held in June 2010, two years later, and Ahmed Mohamed Silanyo was elected.[19]
In September 2010, the House of Elders extended its own term of office by three years and eight months, and also extended the term of the House of Representatives by two years and eight months.[15]
In April 2013, the House of Elders decided to extend the term of the House of Representatives, which expires in May, through 2015. This will extend the term of the House of Elders through 2016.[15]
On May 16, 2015, the House of Elders announced that it would extend its own term until June 2018.[15] They further announced a two-year extension of President Dahir Riyale Kahin's term, which also expires in 2015. The National Electoral Commission had announced a one-year extension of the presidential election a few days earlier for technical reasons, the decision that was overlaid.[20]
Eventually, presidential elections were held in November 2017 and Muse Bihi Abdi was elected.
In November 2017, the House of Elders announced that the House of Representatives parliamentary elections would be postponed until 2019.[21]
The House of Elders further announced in January 2019 that elections would be postponed.[22] At this time, it was once decided that the elections for the House of Representatives would be held in January 2022 and the House of Elders in January 2023[23] In response, the United Nations Support Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) expressed concern.[24]
In July 2020, the three main Somaliland parties reached an agreement on the method of elections, and in October, the House of Elders of Somaliland signed an agreement to hold parliamentary and local elections on this basis.[25]
Somaliland Electoral Commission started voter registration in November 2020 as scheduled.[26] In January 2021, the Somaliland Electoral Commission submitted to the President a proposal to hold simultaneous parliamentary and local elections on May 31, which the President approved.[27] In February 2021, the House of Elders unanimously agreed.[28]
In October 2022, the House of Elders extended the President's term of office by two years, which was scheduled to expire on November 13, 2022. The House of Elders itself extended its own term by five years.[29] However, some legislators opposed this decision.
[30] This decision was criticized by the British and U.S. governments.[31]
In January 2023, the House of Elders discussed the situation in Las Anod.[32]
In May 2023, 13 members of the House of Elders were absent from the assembly and ordered to attend.[33]
