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Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra (Catalan: Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra^[1] (Catalan: Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a sovereign landlocked microstate in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range and is bordered by Spain and France.

9th to 19th centuries

Andorra claims it is the last independent survivor of the Marca Hispanica, a military buffer zone made up of counties, created by Charlemagne to keep the Islamic Moors from advancing into the Christian Frankish empire.^[2] Tradition holds that Charlemagne granted a charter to the Andorran people in return for fighting the Moors.^[2] In the 9th century, Charlemagne's grandson, Charles the Bald, named the Count of Urgell as overlord of Andorra.^[2] A descendant of the count later gave the lands to the Diocese of Urgell.^[2]

In the 11th century, fearing military action by neighboring lords, the Bishop of Urgell placed himself under the protection of the Lord of Caboet, a nobleman.^[2] Later, the Count of Foix became heir to the Lord of Caboet through marriage to Ermessenda de Castellbò in 1208, and a dispute arose between the Occitan Count and the Catalan bishop over Andorra.^[2]

In 1278, the conflict was resolved by the signing of a pareage (pariatges), which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell (Catalonia).^[2] The pareage, a feudal institution recognizing the principle of equality of rights shared by two rulers, gave the small state its territory and political form.^[2] Andorra's borders have remained unchanged since 1278.^[3]

Andorra was briefly annexed to the Crown of Aragon twice, in 1396 and 1512.^{[citation needed]}

20th and 21st centuries

Andorra did not officially participate in World War I,^[4] although there were three Andorran volunteers who fought: Valentí Naudi, Josep Estany and René Huguet.^[5] North American newspapers in 1958 claimed that Andorra had declared war on Germany in 1914 but failed to sign a peace treaty until 1958,^[6]^[7] and this claim has appeared in later sources,^[8] but there appears to be no contemporary evidence of such declaration. In 2014, the news outlet Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra investigated the 1958 claim and could find no documentation of any original declaration of war. Historian Pere Cavero could only find an exchange of letters between the German consul in Marseille and the Catalan Ombudsman, where the former asks if there is a state of war with Andorra and the latter responds they could find nothing in their archive to indicate this.^[9]

In 1933, France occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections. On 12 July 1934 an adventurer named Boris Skossyreff issued a proclamation in Urgel, declaring himself Boris I, sovereign prince of Andorra, simultaneously declaring war on the Bishop of Urgell. He was arrested by Spanish authorities on 20 July and ultimately expelled from Spain.^[10]^[11] From 1936 to 1940, a French detachment was garrisoned in Andorra to prevent encroachment as a result of the Spanish Civil War and Francoist Spain.^[12]

During World War II, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route from Spain into France. The French Resistance used Andorra as part of their route to get downed airmen out of France.^[13]

In 1943, Andorra carried out its first execution since the 19th century: Antoni Arenis was executed for double fratricide by firing squad because a trained executioner was unavailable to operate the legal method, by garrote.

Long an impoverished land with little contact with any nations other than adjoining France and Spain, Andorra, after World War II, achieved considerable prosperity through a developing tourist industry. That development, abetted by improvements in transport and communications, has tended to break down Andorra's isolation and to bring Andorrans into the mainstream of European history. Public demands for democratic reforms led to the extension of the franchise to women in the 1970s and to the creation of new and more fully autonomous organs of government in the early 1980s.

Since the 1990s

Andorra formally became a parliamentary democracy in May 1993 following approval of a new constitution by a popular referendum in March 1993. The new constitution retained the French and Spanish co-princes although with reduced and narrowly defined powers. Civil rights were greatly expanded, including the legalisation of political parties and the provision for an independent judiciary.^[14]^[15]

Andorra joined a customs union with the European Communities (now the European Union) in 1991 and was admitted to the United Nations on 28 July 1993.^[16] It became a member of the Council of Europe in 1994. Andorra opened diplomatic relations with other countries such as the United Kingdom in 1994 and the United States in 1995.

The country has been seeking ways to improve its export potential and increase its economic ties with its European neighbours. The financial services sector of the economy is highly important because of Andorra's status as a tax haven and its banking secrecy laws.^[13]

Notes

^ Funk and Wagnalls Encyclopedia, 1993
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Background Note: Andorra". U.S. Department of State. May 2000. Archived from the original on June 5, 2002. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ "Statement by H.E. Mr. Albert Pintat; President of the government of the principality of Andorra" (PDF). 61'st session of the United Nations General Assembly. September 21, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2012.
^ Guillamet Anton, Jordi (2009). Nova aproximació a la història d'Andorra. ALTAIR. p. 216. ISBN 978-8493622046.
^ Martínez Fiol, David (1991). Els "voluntaris catalans" a la gran guerra (1914–1918). L'Abadia de Montserrat. ISBN 84-7826-269-5.
^ "44-Year Mystery War Ends". St. Louis Globe-Democrat. Newhouse Newspapers. 19 September 1958. p. 20.
^ "World War I Ends in Andorra". The New York Times. United Press International. 25 September 1958. p. 66.
^ E.g., "Skin-flicks in Shangri-La", The Economist, 1974; Time, 1960.
^ "Andorra va declarar la guerra a Alemanya el 1914?". AndorraDifusió. Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
^ "King of Andorra' Is Arrested". The New York Times. 18 May 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
^ p12 (21 July 1934). "Andorran Pretender arrested. Ten days' 'reign'". The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "More Guards Sent to Andorra". The New York Times. 18 January 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Andorra country profile". BBC News. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
^ "Andorra Adopts Constitution For a Parliamentary System". The New York Times. 15 March 1993.
^ "Constitució del Principat d'Andorra, Casa de la Vall, 28 d'abril de 1993". andorramania. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
^ "U.N. Makes Room for Andorra". The New York Times. 29 July 1993. Retrieved 31 August 2023.