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Hibiscus clayi
	At the Jardin des Plantes, Paris
Conservation status
	; Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malvales
Family:	Malvaceae
Genus:	Hibiscus
Species:	H. clayi
Binomial name
	Hibiscus clayi; O.Deg. & I.Deg.
Synonyms
	Hibiscus newhousei M.J.Roe;

Hibiscus clayi, common names red Kauai rosemallow,^[3] Clay's hibiscus^[2] or Kokiʻo ʻula (Hawaiian name), is a perennial angiosperm of the mallow family Malvaceae. This species has unique leaves that are round and toothed and grow in a decussate pattern.

Etymology

The generic name is derived from the Greek word ἱβίσκος (hibískos), which was the name Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40–90) gave to Althaea officinalis.^[4] The species name clayi honors Horace F. Clay, a horticulturalist of Hawaii.^[5]

Description

Hibiscus clayi is a shrub of 40–90 centimetres (16–35 in) or a tree reaching a height of 4–8 metres (13–26 ft).^[6] Leaves are medium green, shiny, smooth-edged or slightly toothed on the tip. Single flowers are borne at the ends of the branches. They are showy, bright or dark red and they bloom all year around. Their flowers can be big with thin petals or they can also be compact with tiny, circular petals. They are generally similar to Hibiscus kokio.^[5]^[6] This plant is listed as endangered by USFWS.

Distribution and habitat

This plant is endemic to Hawaii. It can be found in nature only in the dry forest of Nounou Mountains in the eastern Kauaʻi, at an elevation of 50–600 metres (160–1,970 ft) above sea level.^[5] The conservation status of H. clayi is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.^[1]

Human use

The genus Hibiscus can be used medicinally. For example, the H. sabdariffa is rich in antibiotics and can protect the immune system with them. It can also fight inflammation, lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol, promote weight loss, fight bacteria, and support liver health.^[7] The hibiscus is also known to alleviate stomach issues, stimulate appetite, and relief from common cold symptoms.^[8] Ancient Hawaiians used the Hibiscus as medicine. The buds and leaves were used a as gentle laxative, even for children. It was mashed into a juice and mixed in with other plants. This was to purify the blood and it was also believed that its properties could make a weak child strong.^[9]

Cultural significance

The H. brackenridgei, or the yellow hibiscus, is a flower that holds extreme significance to the state of Hawai'i. The yellow hibiscus is the state flower, and represents the beauty, culture, and spirit that is Hawai'i. The S. Fallax, golden mallow, or 'Ilima is the native flower of the island of Oahu and is also a member of the hibiscus family.^[10] Throughout the islands, the hibiscus is seen in gardens, landscapes, and patterns on traditional attire.^[11]

Threats

The Nounou Mountains of Kaua'i hold all four of the trees known to still exist. The threats that endanger the H. clayi species are competition with alien plants, close proximity to hiking trails, making them prone to disturbance, pigs, and limited reproduction due to the low population in the wild.^[12] Cattle and pigs have grazed on the H. Clayi, causing a significant amount of damage to the H. clayi population, which has ultimately led to its decline.^[13]

Conservation efforts

In order to conserve these plants, suitable habitats should be identified for relocation. Protection of the remaining H. clayi should be looked into like a plant sanctuary.^[14] In the near future, the remaining H. clayi should be protected and establish new populations of it to reduce the risk of extinction. Augmentation of the wild populations and growing new populations in a safe area is another conservation effort that can be made.^[15] The University of Hawaii at Leeward Community College has a native garden that grows endangered species of plants, and the H. clayi is one of them.