Helvella crispa

For other fungi with a similar name, see elfin saddle.

Helvella crispa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Helvellaceae
Genus: Helvella
Species:
H. crispa
Binomial name
Helvella crispa
(Scop.) Fr. (1822)
Helvella crispa
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Smooth hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Stipe is bare
Spore print is white
Ecology is saprotrophic or mycorrhizal
Edibility is not recommended or inedible

Helvella crispa, also known as the fluted white elfin saddle,[1] white saddle, elfin saddle or common helvel, is an ascomycete fungus of the family Helvellaceae. The mushroom is readily identified by its irregularly shaped whitish cap, fluted stem, and fuzzy undersurfaces. It is found in eastern North America and in Europe, near deciduous trees in summer and autumn.

Etymology

The fungus was originally described as Phallus crispus by the naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772.[2] Its specific epithet is Latin adjective crispa 'wrinkled' or 'curly'. The generic name was originally a type of Italian herb but became associated with morels.[3]

Description

Helvella crispa is creamy white in colour, 6–13 centimetres (2+1⁄2–5 inches) in length, with a cap 2–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter. It is striking due to its irregularly shaped lobes on the cap, but with a robust creamy-white base (2–8×1–2.5 cm in size). Its flesh is thin and brittle. The stem is 3–10 cm (1¼–4 in) long, white or pinkish in colour and ornately ribbed. It gives off a pleasant aroma, but is not edible raw. The spore print is white, the oval spores average 19 x 11.5 μm.[4] Occasionally white capped forms are found. It can be distinguished from occasional white forms of Helvella lacunosa by its furry cap undersurface and inrolled margins when young.[5]

  • H. crispa in Dorset, England
    H. crispa in Dorset, England
  • 1932 illustration
    1932 illustration

Distribution and habitat

H. crispa is found in China,[6] Japan,[7] Europe and eastern North America, though is replaced by the related Helvella lacunosa in western parts.[8]

It grows in grass as well as in humid hardwoods, such as beech (not so well in resinous ones), along the side of pathways, in hedges and on the talus of meadows. They can be spotted from the end of summer until the end of autumn.[9]

Edibility

See also: Gyromitra esculenta

Although some guidebooks list this species as edible,[4][9] there is speculation that it may contains monomethylhydrazine, which can cause severe intoxication, and may be carcinogenic.[citation needed] It has been reported to cause gastrointestinal symptoms when eaten raw.[5]

Also recent evidence suggests that this fungus and similar species containing gyromitrin may cause the potentially fatal disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) after many years or even decades.[10][11][12]

References

  1. ^ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
  2. ^ Scopoli JA. (1772). Flora carniolica (in Italian). Vol. 2 (2 ed.). p. 475.
  3. ^ Nilsson S, Persson O.(1977) Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi). pp. 36-37. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-063005-8
  4. ^ a b Phillips R (2006). Mushrooms. London: Pan Macmillan Ltd. p. 360. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
  5. ^ a b Ammirati, Joseph F.; Traquair, James A.; Horgen, Paul A. (1985). Poisonous mushrooms of the northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 259. ISBN 0-8166-1407-5.
  6. ^ Zhuang WY. (2004). "Preliminary survey of the Helvellaceae from Xinjiang, China". Mycotaxon. 90 (1): 35–42.
  7. ^ Nagao H. (2002). "Fungal flora in Chiba Pref., central Japan (III) Ascomycetes: Plectomycetes and Discomycetes" (PDF). Journal of the Natural History Museum and Institute Chiba. 5: 111–132.
  8. ^ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 816. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
  9. ^ a b Haas, Hans (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. Burke. p. 184. ISBN 0-222-79409-7.
  10. ^ Frei, Martina (5 December 2022). "Mysteriöse Erkrankungsfälle in einem kleinen Alpendorf" [Mysterious disease cases in a small Alpine village]. Tages-Anzeiger (in German).
  11. ^ Lagrange, E; Bonneterre, Vincent; Talbot, K; Couratier, Philippe; Bernard, E; Camu, William (December 2017). A high-incidence cluster of ALS in the French Alps: common environment and multiple exposures. 28th international symposium on ALS/MND. Vol. 18. p. 179.
  12. ^ Spencer, Peter S.; Palmer, Valerie S.; Kisby, Glen E.; Lagrange, Emmeline; Horowitz, B. Zane; Valdes Angues, Raquel; Reis, Jacques; Vernoux, Jean-Paul; Raoul, Cédric; Camu, William (13 February 2023). "Early-onset, conjugal, twin-discordant, and clusters of sporadic ALS: Pathway to discovery of etiology via lifetime exposome research". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 17. doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1005096. PMC 9969898. PMID 36860617.
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