Helper virus

A helper virus is a virus that allows an otherwise-deficient coinfecting virus to replicate. These can be naturally occurring as with Hepatitis D virus, which requires Hepatitis B virus to coinfect cells in order to replicate. Helper viruses are also commonly used to replicate and spread viral vectors for gene expression and gene therapy.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ Graham BS, Crowe JE, Ledgerwood JE (2007). "14 - Immunization Against Viral Diseases". In Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds.). Fields Virology (6 ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 403.


Read other articles:

Ferrari F2007KategoriFormula SatuKonstruktorScuderia FerrariPerancangMario Almondo (Direktur Teknik Eksekutif)Aldo Costa (Direktur Desain dan Pengembangan)Nikolas Tombazis (Kepala Desainer)Marco Fainello (Kepala Kinerja Kendaraan) Tiziano Battistini (Kepala Desain Sasis) Simone Resta (Kepala R&D)John Iley (Kepala Aerodinamika) Marco de Luca (Kepala Ahli Aerodinamika)Gilles Simon(Direktur Teknis Mesin)David Salters(Kepala Desainer Mesin)Pendahulu248 F1PenerusF2008Spesifikasi teknisSasisCar...

 

Mental disorder associated with trauma PTSD and Post traumatic redirect here. For the Mike Shinoda album, see Post Traumatic. For other uses, see PTSD (disambiguation). Medical conditionPost-traumatic stress disorderSpecialtyPsychiatry, clinical psychologySymptomsDisturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the event; mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues; efforts to avoid trauma-related situations; increased fight-or-flight response[1]ComplicationsSuicide; cardiac...

 

Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan ke bahasa Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara buruk dari Wikipedia bahasa selain Indonesia. Jika halaman ini ditujukan untuk komunitas berbahasa tersebut, halaman itu harus dikontribusikan ke Wikipedia bahasa tersebut. Lihat daftar bahasa Wikipedia. Artikel yang tidak diterjemahkan dapat dihapus secara cepat sesuai kriteria A2. Jika Anda ingin memeriksa artikel ini, Anda boleh menggunakan mesin penerjemah. Namun ingat, mohon tidak menyalin ...

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2016. Hangul Compatibility JamoJangkauanU+3130..U+318F(96 titik kode)BidangBMPAksaraHangulAksara utamaHangulTerpakai94 titik kodeTak terpakai2 titik kode kosongStandar sumberKS C 5601Riwayat versi Unicode1.0.094 (+94) Catatan: [1][2] Hangul Com...

 

2022 Russian missile attack in UkraineNot to be confused with February 2015 Kramatorsk rocket attack (10 February 2015) or June 2023 Kramatorsk missile strike.Kramatorsk railway station attackPart of Eastern Ukraine offensiveThe aftermath of the attackTypeMissile strikeLocationKramatorsk, Ukraine48°43′34″N 37°32′34″E / 48.72611°N 37.54278°E / 48.72611; 37.54278Date8 April 2022ca. 10:30 (UTC+3)Executed by Russian Armed ForcesCasualties63 (includin...

 

Revised version of the Macintosh 128K by Apple Computer Not to be confused with Macintosh 512Ke. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Macintosh 512K – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Macintosh 512KAlso known asM0001WManu...

追晉陸軍二級上將趙家驤將軍个人资料出生1910年 大清河南省衛輝府汲縣逝世1958年8月23日(1958歲—08—23)(47—48歲) † 中華民國福建省金門縣国籍 中華民國政党 中國國民黨获奖 青天白日勳章(追贈)军事背景效忠 中華民國服役 國民革命軍 中華民國陸軍服役时间1924年-1958年军衔 二級上將 (追晉)部队四十七師指挥東北剿匪總司令部參謀長陸軍�...

 

Improper usage or mistreatment This article is about the mistreatment of people, systems or animals. For other uses, see Abuse (disambiguation). Mistreat redirects here. For other uses, see Mistreat (disambiguation). This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2023) Abuse is the improper usage or treatment of a thing, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit.[1] Abuse can come in ...

 

Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research ReserveMarsh in the reserveMap of GeorgiaShow map of GeorgiaSapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationSapelo Island, Georgia, United StatesCoordinates31°27′06″N 81°17′17″W / 31.4518°N 81.288°W / 31.4518; -81.288Area6,110 acres (2,470 ha)Established1976nerrs.noaa.gov/Reserve.aspx?ResID=SAP Bottlenose dolphins Dolphin researchers at the reserve The S...

County road shields used in FloridaHighway namesInterstatesInterstate X (I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Road X (SR X)County:County Road X (CR X)System links County roads in Florida County roads in Gilchrist County The following is a list of county roads in Gilchrist County, Florida. All county roads are maintained by the county in which they reside, however not all of them are marked with standard MUTCD approved county road shields. List of County Roads in Gilc...

 

本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目可能包含原创研究。 (2018年3月29日)请协助補充参考资料、添加相关内联标签和删除原创研究内容以改善这篇条目。详细情况请参见讨论页。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2010年2月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一�...

 

This article is about Khordha District in Odisha, India. For its namesake town, see Khordha. District of Odisha in IndiaKhordha district KhurdaDistrict of Odisha'From Zigzag from the top': Mangalajodi ,IIT Bhubaneswar, Maa Barunei Temple, Pathani Samanta Planetarium, Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary, Khurda Road Junction railway station, Parsurameswara TempleNickname: PaikagadaLocation in OdishaKhordha districtCoordinates: 20°09′58″N 85°39′58″E / 20.166°N 85.666°E&...

Anglican bishop and author Christianity portal Henry MontgomeryBishop of Tasmania1889 photograph of Montgomery as bishopDioceseAnglican Diocese of TasmaniaIn office1889–1901PredecessorDaniel SandfordSuccessorEdward MercerOrdersOrdination1871 (deacon); 1872 (priest)by Richard DurnfordConsecration1 May 1889by Edward White BensonPersonal detailsBorn(1847-10-03)3 October 1847Cawnpore, North-Western Provinces, IndiaDied25 November 1932(1932-11-25) (aged 85)Moville, County Done...

 

Jembatan Forth Koordinat56°00′01″N 3°23′19″W / 56.0004°N 3.3886°W / 56.0004; -3.3886Koordinat: 56°00′01″N 3°23′19″W / 56.0004°N 3.3886°W / 56.0004; -3.3886Moda transportasilLalu lintas kereta apiMelintasiFirth of ForthLokalEdinburgh, Inchgarvie dan Fife, SkotlandiaPemilikNetwork RailPengelolaBalfour Beatty di bawah kontrak untuk Network RailKarakteristikDesainJembatan KantileverPanjang total8.094 kaki (2.467 m)[1...

 

Italian cyclist This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Dario Andriotto – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dario Andr...

Middle Eastern dessert made of filo pastry For the Ottoman desert, see Kadayıf. For the folded pancake, see Qatayef. KnafehAlternative names Kunafeh Kunafa Kanafeh Knafeh Konafi Kunaftah Künefe Kinafa TypeDessertPlace of originNablus[1]Region or state Arab world Serving temperatureWarm, room temperature or cold (qishta variety)Main ingredients Dough Sugar Cheese Almonds Pistachios Rose water Kaymak VariationsMultiple  Media: Knafeh Knafeh[2] (Arabic: كنافة) is ...

 

American military radio system AN/PRC-150 Type Manpack tactical radio Service History Used by United States Army, US Marines Conflicts Iraq War, War in Afghanistan, Operation Inherent Resolve Production history Manufacturer L3Harris Specifications Frequency range 1.6-60 MHz Transmit power up to 20 watts Modes FM (VHF), AM, AME, SSB, CW Encryption NSA Type 1 algorithms (Top Secret and below) The AN/PRC-150(C) Falcon II Manpack Radio, is a tactical HF-SSB/ VHF-FM manpack radio manufactured by H...

 

此生者传记没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2024年5月8日)请协助補充可靠来源,针对在世人物的无法查证的内容将被立即移除。 霍夫漢尼斯·達夫特揚个人资料身高1.67米(5英尺51⁄2英寸)体重60公斤(130英磅)运动国家/地区 亞美尼亞运动柔道最近更新于:2012年11月 霍夫漢尼斯·達夫特揚(亞美尼亞語:Հովհաննես Դավթյան,1983年11月25日—)是一名亞美尼亞柔道運動員...

Irish history between the Acts of Union of 1800 and the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922 IrelandÉire (Irish)1801–1922 Flag of the Lord LieutenantAnthem: God Save the King/Queen Map of Ireland in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica eleventh editionStatusCountry of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandCapitalDublinLargest cityDublin (1801–1901)Belfast (1901–1922)Common languages English (official, administrative) Irish Fingallian (until the mid-19th century) Y...

 

Formazione de I Gufi, da sinistra Lino Patruno, Gianni Magni, Roberto Brivio e Nanni Svampa Roberto Antonio Brivio (Milano, 21 febbraio 1938 – Monza, 22 gennaio 2021) è stato un attore, cantante, cabarettista e chansonnier italiano, membro del gruppo I Gufi. Indice 1 Biografia 1.1 Morte 1.2 Vita privata 2 Prosa radiofonica Rai 3 Prosa televisiva Rai 4 Note 5 Bibliografia 6 Altri progetti 7 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Nel 1959 si diplomò all'Accademia dei Filodrammatici e cinque anni do...