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Helix ceratina
	Shell of Helix ceratina (specimen at MNHN, Paris)
Conservation status
	; Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Stylommatophora
Superfamily:	Helicoidea
Family:	Helicidae
Subfamily:	Helicinae
Tribe:	Helicini
Genus:	Helix
Species:	H. ceratina
Binomial name
	Helix ceratina; Shuttleworth, 1843)
Synonyms
	Helix tristis Pfeiffer, 1845; Tyrrhenaria ceratina (Shuttleworth, 1843) (chresonym);

Helix ceratina, the Corsican snail,^[1] is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae, the typical snails.^[3]

For a species of Helix, H. ceratina is a small snail of shell diameter max. 24 mm (28 in fossil individuals).^[4] The shell is olive-brown, with darker bands, and thin-walled.

This species is endemic to Corsica. The only known extant population lives at Campo dell’Oro near the Ajaccio airport. The inhabited area was estimated at 0.34 km².^[5] However, the species was distributed more widely in prehistoric times, as fossil shells were found at three other localities on the shore (Bastia: Toga, Piana: Plage d'Arone, Bonifacio).^[4] At the site in Bonifacio, the shells were dated to the Neolithic (5600-5000 BC and 3000-2500 BC, respectively;^[4] only the older date is mentioned in a later publication^[5]). Repeated searches since the 1990's did not reveal any populations additional to that near Ajaccio.^[4]

Although still sometimes classified in a monotypic genus Tyrrhenaria,^[5] the species is a member of the genus Helix, related to species such as Helix ligata and Helix melanostoma.^[6]^[7]

It inhabits biotopes on granitic sands near the shore, with vegetation characterized by Crucianella maritima, Scrophularia ramosissima and Genista salzmannii ssp. salzmannii.^[4]^[8] The snails prefer sites where the vegetation is open and the surface is not covered by lichens.^[4] They are active during the night from October to June, if it rains.^[4] During dry and hot periods, the snails dig up to 60 cm into the soil and form a convex, calcareous epiphragm.^[8]

Mating was observed in captivity from late August to mid-October. Eggs were layed 3-5 days after mating. Eggs are large (diameter 5-7 mm) and ovoid. Clutch size between 6 and 19 was recorded; eggs are laid into underground nests. Hatching takes place after 15-16 days. Shells of the newly hatched juveniles measure 5-6 mm.^[4]

Helix ceratina feeds on fresh leaves in the spring, but the diet changes to decaying plant matter in the autumn. Genista salzmannii is the most important part of the diet (found in 80% of faeces); Matthiola sinuata, Jasione montana and grasses are also eaten.^[9] In captivity, the snails were observed to ingest the sand substrate.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b Falkner, M.; Falkner, G.; von Proschwitz, T. & Charrier, M. (2011). "Helix ceratina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T9843A13020602. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T9843A13020602.en. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
^ (in German) Shuttleworth R. J. 1843. Über die Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken von Corsica. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 1843 (2/3): 9-21.
^ MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Helix ceratina Shuttleworth, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1549519 on 2022-12-09
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Bouchet, Philippe; Ripken, Théo; Recorbet, Bernard (1997). "Redécouverte de l'Escargot de Corse Helix ceratina au bord de l'extinction". Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie). 52 (2): 97–111.
^ ^a ^b ^c Camus, Louise; Poli, Pedro; Delaugerre, Michel-Jean; Dréano, Stéphane; Cucherat, Xavier; Natali, Christine; Guiller, Annie (2023-10-01). "Unexpected and spatially structured genetic diversity of the relict population of the endangered corsican land snail Tyrrhenaria ceratina". Conservation Genetics. 24 (5): 661–672. doi:10.1007/s10592-023-01535-0. ISSN 1572-9737.
^ Fiorentino, V.; Manganelli, G.; Giusti, F.; Ketmaier, V. (2016). "Recent expansion and relic survival: Phylogeography of the land snail genus Helix (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from south to north Europe". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 98: 358–372. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.017.
^ Korábek, Ondřej; Kosová, Tereza; Dolejš, Petr; Petrusek, Adam; Neubert, Eike; Juřičková, Lucie (2021-11-29). "Geographic isolation and human-assisted dispersal in land snails: a Mediterranean story of Helix borealis and its relatives (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (4): 1310–1335. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa186. ISSN 0024-4082.
^ ^a ^b Lecoq, M. (1851). "Note sur les moeurs de l'Helix tristis (Pfeiffer)". Journal de conchyliologie. 2: 146–151.
^ Charrier, Maryvonne; Chevalier, Laure; Paradis, Guilhan; Recorbet, Bernard (2005). "Field observations on spatial distribution and diet in the terrestrial snail Tyrrhenaria ceratina, an endemic species from Corsica". Notiziario S.I.M., Supplemento al Bollettino Malacologico. 23 (5–8): 8.