Harry R. Truman
Truman near his lodge in 1980, a few months before his death
Born	Harry R. Truman October 1896 Ivydale, West Virginia, U.S.
Died	May 18, 1980(1980-05-18) (aged 83) Mount St. Helens, Washington, U.S. 46°15′59.6″N 122°9′33.3″W / 46.266556°N 122.159250°W / 46.266556; -122.159250
Cause of death	Killed by a pyroclastic flow during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
Occupation(s)	Bootlegger, prospector, caretaker of the Mount St. Helens Lodge
Spouse(s)	Helen Irene Hughes (divorced) Marjorie Bennett (divorced) Edna O. Henrickson (deceased)
Children	1
Military career
Allegiance	United States
Service / branch	United States Army Air Service
Years of service	1917–1919
Unit	100th Aero Squadron
Battles / wars	World War I

Harry R. Truman (October 1896 – May 18, 1980) was an American businessman, bootlegger, and prospector. He lived near Mount St. Helens, an active volcano in the state of Washington, and was the owner and caretaker of Mount St. Helens Lodge at Spirit Lake near the base of the mountain. Truman came to fame as a folk hero in the weeks leading up to the volcano's 1980 eruption after refusing to leave his home despite evacuation orders. He was killed by a pyroclastic flow that overtook his lodge and buried the site under 150 ft (46 m) of volcanic debris.

After Truman's death, his family and friends reflected on his love for the mountain. In 1981, Art Carney portrayed Truman in the docudrama film St. Helens. He was commemorated in a book by his niece, and also in various pieces of music, including songs by Headgear, Billy Jonas, and Shawn Wright and the Brothers Band.

Truman was born to foresters in Ivydale, West Virginia. He claimed he did not know the exact day of his birth in October, 1896 but eventually chose to celebrate his birthday on the 30th of the month.^[1] This was also the date on his World War 1 draft registration card.^[2] Truman also stated that he did not know his middle name, only the initial, R; some noncontemporaneous sources have given his middle name as Randall.^{[3][4] [5][6]} His draft card lists his middle name as Rainel.^[2]

In 1907, Truman's family moved west to the state of Washington, drawn to the promise of cheap land and the successful timber industry in the Pacific Northwest; they at first settled in Napavine, then moved to the little town of Nesika in eastern Lewis County, where the family purchased 160 acres (65 ha) of farmland.^[5]

Truman attended high school in the city of Mossyrock, Washington, then enlisted in the U.S. Army as a private in August, 1917. He was assigned to the 100th Aero Squadron, 7th Squad, and trained as an aeromechanic. He served in France during World War I.^[5] While en route to Europe, his troopship, Tuscania, was sunk by a German U-boat in a torpedo attack off the coast of Ireland.^[7]

During his service, he reportedly sustained injuries due to his audacious and independent nature.^[1] However, according to Washington State Archives, Truman served overseas from January 24, 1918, until February 1, 1919, but this record states he was not wounded or injured in action and did not participate in any engagements. The record also states he had a disability rating of zero at the time of his discharge.^[8]

Truman was honorably discharged on June 12, 1919, and he began prospecting, but failed to achieve his goal of becoming rich. He later became a bootlegger, smuggling alcohol from San Francisco to Washington during the Prohibition era.^[1]

Truman returned to Chehalis, Washington, in 1919, where he worked as an automobile mechanic and ran a service station called Harry's Sudden Service.^[5] He married Helen Hughes, the daughter of a sawmill owner; they had one daughter, born in 1922.^[4]

Truman grew tired of civilization after a few years and leased 50 acres (20 ha) from the Northern Pacific Railway^[5] overlooking Spirit Lake in the wilderness near Mount St. Helens,^[1] a stratovolcano of the Cascade Range located in Skamania County, Washington. He settled near the base of the mountain and opened a gas station and a small grocery store;^[9] he eventually opened the Mount St. Helens Lodge,^[1] close to the outlet of Spirit Lake 46°15′56.8″N 122°09′34.4″W / 46.265778°N 122.159556°W / 46.265778; -122.159556,^[10] which he operated for 52 years.^[11][12]

During the 1930s, Truman divorced his first wife; he remarried in 1935. The second marriage was short, as he reportedly attempted to win arguments by throwing his wife into Spirit Lake, despite her inability to swim.^[13] He began dating a local girl, though he eventually married the girl's sister Edna, whom he called Edie.^[13] This third marriage held, and he and Edna operated the Mount St. Helens Lodge together^[14] until her death from a heart attack in 1975.^[15]

In the Mount St. Helens area, Truman became notorious for his antics, once getting a forest ranger drunk so that he could burn a pile of brush.^[1] He poached, stole gravel from the U.S. Forest Service, and fished on American Indian land with a fake game warden badge. Despite their knowledge of these criminal activities, local rangers failed to catch him in the act. When the Washington state government changed the state sales tax, Truman kept charging the old rate at his lodge. A tax agency employee rented a boat from him, but refused to pay his tax rate, so Truman pushed him into Spirit Lake.^[16]

Truman was a fan of the cocktail drink Whiskey and Coke made with Schenley whiskey and Coca-Cola. He owned a pink 1957 Cadillac, and he swore frequently.^[17] He loved discussing politics and reportedly hated Republicans, hippies, young children, and the elderly.^[16] In 1953, Truman refused to allow Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas to stay at his lodge, dismissing him as an "old coot".^[16] When he learned who Douglas was, he realized his mistake and chased the Justice for 1 mile (1.6 km), to a neighboring lodge and convinced him to stay; Truman and Douglas became drinking buddies and friends for the rest of their lives.^[16] When his wife Edna died in September, 1975, Truman lost interest in running his lodge, renting only a handful of boats and cabins during the summer months. He reportedly became even more irascible and his drinking increased.^[14]

Although Truman was already well-known by locals for his various antics, he became an even bigger celebrity during the two months of volcanic activity preceding the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, giving interviews to reporters and expressing his opinion that the danger of a volcanic eruption was exaggerated. "I don't have any idea whether it will blow," he said, "but I don't believe it to the point that I'm going to pack up."^[18] Truman displayed little concern about the volcano and his situation: "If the mountain goes, I'm going with it. This area is heavily timbered, Spirit Lake is in between me and the mountain, and the mountain is a mile away, the mountain ain't gonna hurt me."^[19] Law-enforcement officials were incensed by his refusal to evacuate because media representatives kept entering the restricted zone near the volcano to interview him, endangering themselves in the process. Still, Truman remained steadfast. "You couldn't pull me out with a mule team. That mountain's part of Truman and Truman's part of that mountain."^[16]

Truman told reporters that he was knocked from his bed by precursor earthquakes, so he responded by moving his bed to the basement.^[12] He claimed to wear spurs to bed to cope with the earthquakes while he slept.^[20] He scoffed at the public's concern for his safety,^[12] responding to scientists' claims about the threat of the volcano that "the mountain has shot its wad and it hasn't hurt my place a bit, but those goddamn geologists with their hair down to their butts wouldn't pay no attention to ol' Truman."^[16]

As a result of his defiant commentary, Truman became something of a folk hero,^[12] and was the subject of many songs and poems by children.^[21] One group of school children from Salem, Oregon, sent him banners inscribed "Harry – We Love You", which moved him so much that he took a helicopter trip (arranged and paid for by National Geographic)^[22] to visit them on May 14.^[20] He also received many fan letters,^[23] including several marriage proposals.^[24] A group of fifth graders from Grand Blanc, Michigan, wrote letters that brought him to tears. In return, he sent them a letter and volcanic ash, which the children later sold to send flowers to his family after the eruption.^[22]

Truman caused a media frenzy, appearing on the front page of The New York Times and The San Francisco Examiner and attracting the attention of National Geographic, United Press International, and The Today Show.^[25] Many major magazines composed profiles, including Time, Life, Newsweek, Field & Stream, and Reader's Digest. A historian named Richard W. Slatta wrote that "his fiery attitude, brash speech, love of the outdoors, and fierce independence… made him a folk hero the media could adore."^[22] Slatta pointed to Truman's "unbendable character and response to the forces of nature" as a source of his rise to fame, and the interviews with him added "color" to reports about the events at Mount St. Helens.^[26] Truman was immortalized, according to Slatta, "with many of the embellished qualities of the western hero", and the media spotlight created a persona that was "in some ways quite different from his true character."^[1]

As the likelihood of eruption increased, state officials ordered an evacuation of the area with the exception of a few scientists and security officials. On May 17, local law enforcement attempted one final time to persuade Truman to leave his home, to no avail. At 8:32 the next morning, Mount St. Helens erupted and the entire northern flank of the mountain collapsed.^[27] Truman and his 16 cats were alone together at his lodge,^[11] and all are presumed to have died in the eruption on May 18.^[23] All likely died of heat shock in less than a second, too quickly to register pain.^[28]

The largest landslide in recorded history and a pyroclastic flow traveling atop the landslide engulfed the Spirit Lake area almost simultaneously, destroying the lake and burying the site of Truman's lodge under 150 ft (46 m) of volcanic landslide debris.^[27] Authorities never searched for Truman's remains.^[11] Truman considered his cats family and mentioned them in almost all public statements.^[11][27]

Friends hoped that Truman might have survived, as he had claimed to have provisioned an abandoned mine shaft with food and liquor in case of an eruption, but the lack of any immediate warning of the eruption would almost certainly have prevented him from escaping to the shaft before the pyroclastic flow reached his lodge^[14] (less than a minute after the eruption began). Even if Truman had made it there, the landslide would have made any rescue impossible. Truman's sister, Geraldine, said that she found it hard to accept the reality of his death. "I don't think he made it, but I thought if they would let me fly over and see for myself that Harry's lodge is gone, then maybe I'd believe it for sure."^[12]

Truman's niece Shirley Rosen added that her uncle thought he could escape the volcano but was not expecting the lateral eruption. She stated that her sister took him a bottle of bourbon whiskey to persuade him to evacuate, but he was too afraid to drink alcohol at the time because he was unsure whether the shaking was coming from his body or the earthquakes.^[7] Truman owned a second home located between Washougal and Stevenson, Washington and his possessions were auctioned off there as keepsakes to admirers in September, 1980.^[29]

Truman emerged as a folk hero for his resistance to the evacuation efforts.^[12] The Columbian wrote: "With his 10-dollar name and hell-no-I-won't-go attitude, Truman was a made-for-prime-time folk hero."^[17] His friends and family commented: "He was a very opinionated person."^[21] Truman's friend John Garrity added, "The mountain and the lake were his life. If he'd left and then saw what the mountain did to his lake, it would have killed him anyway. He always said he wanted to die at Spirit Lake. He went the way he wanted to go."^[21]

Truman's niece Shirley stated, "He used to say that's my mountain and my lake and he would say those are my arms and my legs. If he would have seen it the way it is now, I don't think he would have survived."^[7] Truman's cousin Richard Ice commented that Truman's short period as a celebrity was "the peak of his life."^[21]

Truman was the subject of the books Truman of St. Helens: The Man and His Mountain by his niece Shirley Rosen,^[30] and The Legend of Harry Truman by his sister Geri Whiting.^[31] He was portrayed by Art Carney, his favorite actor,^[32] in the 1981 docudrama St. Helens.^[33] Memorabilia were sold in the area surrounding Mount St. Helens, including Harry Truman hats, pictures, posters, and postcards. A restaurant opened in Anchorage, Alaska, named after him, serving dishes such as Harry's Hot Molten Chili.^[31]

According to The Washington Star, more than 100 songs had been composed in Truman's honor by 1981, in addition to a commemorative album titled The Musical Legend Of Harry Truman — A Very Special Collection Of Mount St. Helens’ Volcano Songs.^[31] Lula Belle Garland wrote "The Legend of Harry And The Mountain," which was recorded in 1980 by Ron Shaw & The Desert Wind Band.^[34] Musicians Ron Allen and Steve Asplund wrote a country rock song in 1980 called "Harry Truman, Your Spirit Still Lives On".^[35] Billy Jonas included Truman's narrative in his song "Old St. Helen" in 1993.^[36] He is the subject of the 2007 song "Harry Truman"^[35] written and recorded by Irish band Headgear.^[37]

Truman Trail and Harry's Ridge in the Mount St. Helens region are named after him.^[38][39] The Harry R. Truman Memorial Park was named in his honor in Castle Rock, Washington,^[40] though it later was renamed Castle Rock Lions Club Volunteer Park.^[41]

• "Harry (Of Mount Saint Helens)" Recorded in 1982 by Penny Lew.
• "Thank You Lord, for Harry" Recorded in 1982 by Shawn Wright & The Brothers Band [1]