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Harrisburg (originally Harrisburgh, shortened to Harrisburg in 1892) is a community now located within the city of Houston, Texas.

The community is located east of downtown Houston, south of the Brays Bayou and Buffalo Bayou junction, and west of Brady's Island. It was founded before 1825 on the eastern stretches of the Buffalo Bayou in present-day Harris County, Texas, on land belonging to John Richardson Harris. In 1926, Harrisburg was annexed into the city of Houston. The original name of Harris County was Harrisburg (Harrisburgh) County until it was shortened after the demise of the City of Harrisburg. Historical markers at the John Richardson Harris site tell of General Santa Anna's razing the town as he chased Sam Houston and his retreating army just before they reached Lynch's ferry.

History

Mexican Texas

Harrisburg was named Harrisburg by its founder, John Richardson Harris. Harris named the town both after himself and after Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, which had been named for his great-grandfather. Harris hired Frank Johnson to survey a town site there in 1826.^[1] Harrisburg was located at the mouth of Bray's Bayou at Buffalo Bayou. In 1829, Harris established a home and a trading post, where he also started building a steam mill, while in partnership with his brothers, David Harris and William P. Harris. John Richardson Harris traveled to New Orleans for parts needed to complete his machinery, but contracted yellow fever and died there. The two brothers continued to reside in and maintain the businesses in Harrisburg.^[2]

John Richardson Harris was survived by a wife and children, who were residing in upstate New York at his death. His wife, Jane Birdsall Harris, immigrated to Mexican Texas in 1833 with De Witt Clinton Harris, her eldest son. Meanwhile, David and William Harris expanded their business in Harrisburg by bringing in two ships for the transport of goods in and out of the region.^[3]

Texas Republic

In 1835, the General Council of Texas, a provisional government of Texas, made Harrisburg its capital. On April 16, 1836, during the Texas Revolution, almost all of Harrisburg was burned by the forces of Antonio López de Santa Anna.^[1]

In the summer of 1836, John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen sought town sites in the Galveston Bay region. After making a small investment in Galveston, they failed in a bid for the property at Morgan's Point, Texas, near the mouth of Buffalo Bayou. Next the Allen brothers traveled several miles upstream to Harrisburg, where they negotiated an agreement for Jane Birdsall Harris to sell the town site. But there was a dispute about who owned Harrisburg, and Harris could not produce a clear title at that time. So the Allen brothers abandoned their plan for Harrisburg.^[4]^[5]^{[failed verification]}

The Republic of Texas passed a statute of incorporation for Harrisburg on June 5, 1837. Later, some Boston investors formed the Harrisburg Town Company, while annexing the town of Hamilton in 1839, when the population of Harrisburg increased to about 1,400.^[1]

In 1840, Andrew Briscoe established the Harrisburg and Brazos Rail Road, and contracted with Maurice Birdsall to provide cut wood along the proposed rail corridor, in and near Harrisburg. Briscoe also placed an advertisement to hire sixty enslaved men as railroad construction laborers. The Republic of Texas granted a charter for this company on January 9, 1841. No more than a few miles of road bed were graded by this company.^[6]

After Texas Annexation

After construction of the Harrisburg and Brazos Rail Road and development of Harrisburg stalled for several years, in 1847, the Harrisburg Town Company sold all its unsold real estate to Sidney Sherman, who led a group of investors from Boston to promote the town. Harrisburg real estate was leveraged for a new plan to build a railroad with an eastern terminus at a peninsula at the mouth of Braes Bayou. This investment group organized the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos, and Colorado Railway (B.B.B. & C.), and secured a charter from the State of Texas on February 11, 1850. Sherman was the founding partner, but also succeeded in recruiting investors from Houston, including William Marsh Rice, William J. Hutchins, and Benjamin A. Shepherd. The B. B. B. & C. hired John Williams to survey the route.^[7]

Williams completed his survey of the B.B.B. & C. route between Harrisburg and the Brazos River in 1851.^[8] It began operations on January 1, 1853. Harrisburg was the starting point of the line, the first functioning railroad line in the state.^[9]

After the Civil War, the railroad expanded and changed its name to the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway. Harrisburg remained an important rail town until a fire in the 1870s destroyed the rail yards, which were rebuilt in Houston.

The population of Harrisburg dwindled with the loss of the railroads and with the widening of the Houston Ship Channel in 1919. In December 1926, the City of Houston annexed Harrisburg. The 1926 annexation of the Harrisburg area added 1,293 acres (523 ha) of land to the city limits.^[1]^[10]

Government and infrastructure

Harrisburg is in Houston City Council District I. This district also includes the Port of Houston, East Downtown, and Clinton Park.^[11]

The United States Postal Service operates the Harrisburg Post Office at 8330 Manchester Street.^[12] In July 2011, the USPS announced that the post office may close.^[13]

The Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated the Ripley Health Center for the ZIP code 77012.^[14] In 2000, Ripley was replaced by the Gulfgate Health Center.^[15] The designated public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.^[14]

Demographics

In the city of Houston-defined Harrisburg/Manchester Super Neighborhood, which also includes Manchester, there were 2,926 residents in 2015. 82% were Hispanics, 14% were non-Hispanic blacks, and 3% were non-Hispanic whites. The percentages of non-Hispanic Asians and others were both zero. In 2000, the super neighborhood had 3,768 residents. 88% were Hispanics, 6% were non-Hispanic blacks, and 5% were non-Hispanic whites. The percentages of non-Hispanic Asians and others were both zero.^[16]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools

Harrisburg is served by the Houston Independent School District.^[16]

Many area residences are zoned to J. R. Harris Elementary School, including everything east of Broadway and some areas west of it, generally north and/or on Elm.^[17] Some are zoned to Dávila Elementary School.^[18] Residences are zoned to Deady Middle School,^[19]^[20] and Milby High School.^[21]

The area was previously in the Harrisburg Independent School District.^[22] J. R. Harris opened as Harrisburg School in 1895.^[23] A school for black students, also called Harrisburg School, opened in 1904. In 1952, that school for black students moved into a new building and was renamed "Kay Elementary School", after its first principal, who had been Savannah Georgia Kay. Kay Elementary School closed in 1978. Students at Chávez High School use the former Kay Elementary School as a "land lab".^[22]

Public libraries

Harrisburg is served by the Stanaker Branch of Houston Public Library.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Muir, Andrew Forest (February 27, 2018). "Harrisburg, TX (Harris County)". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
^ Houghton, et al, (1998), pp. 3−4.
^ Houghton, et al, (1998), pp. 3−4.
^ Sibley (1968), pp.31−32.
^ Rust, Carol. "Houston has street sense (and nonsense as well)" (Archive). Houston Chronicle. Wednesday April 16, 1997. Houston 1. Retrieved on October 26, 2011.
^ Briscoe (1904), pp. 279−281.
^ Briscoe (1904), pp. 281−282.
^ Briscoe (1904), p, 283.
^ Rust, Carol. "Houston has street sense (and nonsense as well) Archived 2021-07-13 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Chronicle. Wednesday April 16, 1997. Houston 1. Retrieved on October 26, 2011.
^ Lee, Renée C. "Annexed Kingwood split on effects," Houston Chronicle. Sunday October 8, 2006. A21. Print version exclusively has the information cited; the information is not included in the online edition.
^ "Council Member Joaquin Martinez: District I". City of Houston. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
^ "Post Office Location - HARRISBURG." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 4, 2008.
^ Weisman, Laura. "Nine Houston post offices marked for closure (with poll) Archived 2011-10-26 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Chronicle. July 26, 2011. Retrieved on July 26, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Clinic/Emergency/Registration Center Directory By ZIP Code". Harris County Hospital District. November 19, 2001. Archived from the original on November 19, 2001. Retrieved April 8, 2021. - See ZIP code 77012. See this map for relevant ZIP code.
^ "Gulfgate Health Center" (Archive). Harris County Hospital District. Accessed October 17, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Super Neighborhood Resource Assessment No. 65 Harrisburg/Manchester" (PDF). City of Houston. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
^ "J.R. Harris Elementary Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
^ "Davila Elementary Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
^ "Deady Middle School Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
^ "About Us Archived 2012-05-25 at the Wayback Machine." Deady Middle School. Retrieved on October 28, 2011.
^ "Milby High School Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Elementary Schools (K-Z) Archived 2016-06-13 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on June 15, 2016.
^ "Elementary Schools (A-J) Archived 2014-06-10 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on June 15, 2016.

Bibliography

Briscoe, P. (1904). "The First Railroad in Texas". Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association. 7 (4): 279−285. JSTOR 27784974.
Cook, Stephen C. (2017). "The Audacious Launch of the City of Houston: Capital of the Republic of Texas". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 121 (2): 123−144. doi:10.1353/swh.2017.0051. JSTOR 44647208.
Fox, Stephen (2022). The Architecture of Birdsall P. Briscoe. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1648430527.
Houghton, Dorothy Knox Howe; Bradley, Barrie Scardino; Howe, Katherine S.; Blackburn, Sadie Gwin (1998). Houston's Forgotten Heritage: Landscapes, Houses, Interiors, 1824−1914. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-62349-246-5.
Sibley, Marilyn McAdams (1968). Port of Houston: A History. Austin: University of Texas Press.