James R. Harlan helped establish a post office at this locale and the office was named for him.[6] Harlan post office ran from 1890 until 1968; Harlan was the first postmaster.[6] Harlan Cemetery was also founded in 1890.[7]
In 1915, Harlan had a public school and a population of 200.[8] A new school and a store were built in 1926.[7] Harlan School closed in 1967 and students then attended school in Eddyville.[7] The store, which housed the post office and was also a gas station, closed in 1971 and is now a private residence.[3][8] In 1993, author Ralph Friedman reported that there was "nothing much" in Harlan.[9] Chapel of the Valley church, built in 1961, still serves a congregation.[5][7] The last commercial sawmill in Harlan shut down in the early 1980s.[7] As of 2008, a small one-man hobby sawmill still operated.[4]