Harbin–Manzhouli railway

Trans-Siberian Harbin–Manzhouli railway
Sino-Russian border crossing at Manzhouli.
Overview
Native name滨洲铁路 (Bīnzhōu Tiělù)
StatusOperational
OwnerChinese Eastern Railway (1902–1932)
North Manchuria Railway (1932–1935)
Manchukuo National Railway (1935–1945)
China Changchun Railway (1945–1955)
China Railway (since 1955)
LocaleHeilongjiang, Inner Mongolia
Termini
Stations102
Service
TypeHeavy rail,
Regional rail
Operator(s)China Railway Harbin Group
History
Opened14 January 1902
Technical
Line length935 km (581 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Old gauge1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge
Electrification25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line Harbin-Manzhouli & Zabaikalsk-Karymskaya Section
Route map

Trans-Siberian Railway Harbin–Manzhouli railway, abbreviated as the Binzhou Railway (Chinese: 滨洲铁路; pinyin: Bīnzhōu tiělù), is a double-track electrified trunk railway in Northeast China between Harbin and Manzhouli on the Russian border, where it connects to the Trans-Siberian Railway via Zabaikalsk, Russia.

The Binzhou railway begins in the west at Manzhouli and runs eastward across the Hulunbuir grasslands, through the forests of the Greater Khingan range, the oilfields of Daqing, and the rich farmland of the Songhua River valley to Harbin.[6][7] Major cities and towns along route include Manzhouli, Jalainur, Hailar, Dayan, Yakeshi, and Zhalantun in Inner Mongolia, as well as Qiqihar, Daqing, Anda, Zhaodong, and Harbin in Heilongjiang.[8]

This line has the only station in all of China whose name is a single character: Song railway station (宋), which makes it a popular location amongst Chinese railfans.[9]

History

The Qing government's special envoy Li Hongzhang went to Russia to congratulate Tsar Nicholas II on his coronation, and signed the Sino–Russian Secret Treaty on June 3, 1896; amongst other things, this treaty gave Russia the right to build a railway through northeast China - the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER). Harbin was selected to be the hub of the new railway system, with three Russian-gauge lines 1,520 mm (5 ft 0 in) envisioned heading east, west, and south from Harbin. Work on the western branch from Harbin to the Russian border at Manzhouli, then named the Haman Railway, commenced at both ends in June 1898, and was completed in 1902.[6] The eastern branch of the CER ran from Harbin to Suifenhe. The entire CER served as an alternative route to the Trans-Siberian Railway.[10]

The CER was a joint project of China and Russia, and after the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese took over the southern portion of the CER, forming the South Manchuria Railway, with the northern portions remaining under Sino-Russian control. Following the October Revolution, the railway was controlled by White Russians for a time during the Russian Civil War, but from 1917 the government of the Republic of China began taking more control of the railway to itself, until in 1922 the CER was made officially a Sino-Soviet joint enterprise. However, in 1929 the Chinese seized complete control of the CER, storming the Soviet consulate in Harbin and arresting the officials of the CER. This led to the Sino-Soviet conflict of 1929, in which the Soviets quickly defeated the Chinese army and forced the Chinese to once again accept joint control of the railway. After the Mukden Incident, the Soviets retained control over the railway despite the Japanese occupation of northeastern China; after the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932, the CER became a joint Soviet-Manchukuo enterprise called the "North Manchuria Railway". In March 1935, the government of Manchukuo bought the Soviet share of the NMR for 140 million yen, and the entire network was taken over by the Manchukuo National Railway.[6]

After the Manchukuo National took over the NMR network, it changed the name of the Harbin–Manzhouli railway from Haman Railway to Binzhou Line, and on 1 August 1936, conversion of the line from Russian broad gauge to standard gauge was completed, increasing the operating speed to 60 km/h (37 mph).

After the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the subsequent collapse of Manchukuo, the Soviets once again took control of the region's railways, and converted the Binzhou Line back to Russian gauge; in 1946, the Northeast Democratic Coalition seized control of the line, and once again regauged it. After the creation of the People's Republic of China, the railways in the territory of the former Manchukuo were taken over by a new Sino-Soviet joint enterprise, called the China Changchun Railway. Full control of the China Changchun Railway was to be turned over to the PRC on 31 December 1952, but due to the Korean War this was delayed until 1955.[11] The Harbin–Manzhouli line became part of China Railway at that time, and once again renamed, becoming the Binzhou Railway.

The Harbin-Manzhouli line has undergone substantial upgrades over the years.[6] Double-tracking began in 1983, with the Harbin–Anda section being the first section to be completed, in 1985; the entire line was completed in 2007, when the Manzhouli–Hailar section was completed,[12] increasing the line's capacity sixfold.[12] In 1990, semi-automatic train control was introduced, with DFH3-class diesel locomotives on passenger trains, and DF4B-class diesels and Renmin-class steam locomotives on freight trains. Operating speed on the line was raised to 100 km/h (62 mph).

The Binzhou Railway Electrification Project was officially started on 25 October 2014. The entire 933 km (580 mi) of the line was wired, and 17 new traction substations were built. The first section, from Harbin to Qiqihar, was completed on 3 November 2016; the first electric-hauled train on the line was K7108, pulled by a HXD3D-class locomotive.[13] The remaining section from Qiqihar to Manzhouli was energised on 11 December 2017.[14]

The Eastern end of the route was quadruple tracked in 2015 with the opening of the Harbin–Qiqihar intercity railway, dedicated to passenger service, increasing the passenger-carrying capacity of this section.[15]

The Binzhou Railway Bridge across the Songhua River in Harbin

The original Binzhou Railway Bridge was built in 1901, and was replaced by a new bridge in 2014. The old bridge is now a historical landmark protected by the city of Harbin.[16]

Route

Binzhou Railway near Bugt, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia.
Distance Station name
Total; km S2S; km Current name Former name Opened Connections
0 0 Harbin
哈尔滨 		Songhuajiang
松花江 		1899 Binbei Railway, Jingha Railway, Binsui Railway, Labin Railway, Binbei Railway
Songnan
松南 		(service halt)
5 5 Songbei
松北 		1899
10 5 Miaotaizi
庙台子 		1899 Jiangbei Connecting Line
Wandong
万东
Harbin North
哈尔滨北 		2015
Dagengjia
大耿家
20 Wanle
万乐 		1899 Wangwan Railway [zh]
31 11 Duiqingshan
对青山 		1900
42 11 Limudian
里木店 		1900
52 10 Jiangjia
姜家 		1900
63 11 Zhaodong
肇东 		1900 Haqi HSR
74 11 Shangjia
尚家 		1900
84 10 Wulimu
五里木 		1900
96 12 Song
宋 		1900
116 20 Yangcao
羊草 		1900
127 11 Anda
安达 		1900 Haqi HSR
137 10 Wolitun
卧里屯 		1944
148 11 Daqing East
大庆东 		Longfeng
龙凤 		1960 Haqi HSR
159 11 Daqing
大庆 		Saertu
萨尔图 		1902
170 11 Daqing West
大庆西 		Ranghulu
让胡路 		Haqi HSR, Tongrang Railway
180 10 Lamadian
喇嘛甸 		1900
190 10 Qijia
齐家 		1960 (freight only)
201 11 Gaojia
高家 		1949 Closed
212 11 Dorbod
杜尔伯特 		Taikang (泰康)
Xiaohaozi (小蒿子)
Малые станции саргассов 		1900 Haqi HSR
221 9 Qianhoudai
前后代 		1960
238 17 Yantongtun
烟筒屯 		1900
252 14 Houwujia
后五家 		1960
261 9 Hongqiying
红旗营 		1949 Pingqi Railway [zh]
270 9 Ang'angxi
昂昂溪 		1900 San'ang Connecting Line, Qi'ang Railway
277 7 Wufu
五福 		1958
284 7 Fularji
富拉尔基 		1900
293 9 Hurhula
虎尔虎拉 		1900
303 10 Heigang
黑岗 		1947
314 11 Baishanxiang
白山乡 		1949
323 9 Longjiang
龙江 		1900
333 10 Laodao
老道 		1947 Closed
344 11 Luhe
鲁河 		1947
355 11 Nianzishan
碾子山 		1901
365 10 Jixinhe
吉新河 		1950
376 11 Fengrong
丰荣 		1947 Closed
384 8 Genghis Khan
成吉思汗 		1901
395 11 Gulijin
古里金 		1947
406 11 Gaotaizi
高台子 		1949
416 10 Zhalantun
扎兰屯 		1901 Azha Railway [zh]
425 9 Woniuhe
卧牛河 		1901
435 10 Sandaoqiao
三道桥 		1901 (passenger only)
446 11 Halasu
哈拉苏 		1902
456 10 Nanmu
南木 		1901
467 11 Fulin
富林 		1901 (passenger only)
478 11 Balin
巴林 		1901
488 10 Lamashan
喇嘛山 		1901
498 10 Zigou
紫沟 		1901 (passenger only)
510 12 Yalu
雅鲁 		1901
520 10 Qishan
旗山 		1901
527 7 Goukou
沟口 		1901
531 4 Jixiangfeng
吉祥峰 		1987 Closed
539 8 Boketu
博克图 		Bugt
Бугтъ 		1901 Bolin Railway [zh]
546 7 Shali
沙力 		1987 (passenger only)
547 1 Shangshali
上沙力 		1990 (freight only)
556 9 Xinnangou
新南沟 		1901 (passenger only)
564 18 Xing'anling
兴安岭 		1901
574 10 Yiliekede
伊列克得 		1901 (freight only)
582 8 Xilingkou
西岭口 		1901 (passenger only)
592 10 Halagou
哈拉沟 		1901 (passenger only)
604 12 Wunur
乌奴耳 		1901
609 5 Sangenhe
三根河 		1987 Closed
614 5 Wuchuan
乌川 		1901 Closed
623 9 Beitouhe
北头河 		1901 (passenger only)
634 12 Mianduhe
免渡河 		1901
645 11 Xiaobei
小北 		1901
656 11 Zhuoshan
卓山 		1901 (freight only)
667 11 Yakeshi
牙克石 		1901 Yalin Railway [zh]
674 7 Haiman
海满 		1901 (freight only)
685 11 Dayan
大雁, ᠳ‍ᠶ‍‍ᠨ 		1901
694 9 Zhaluomude
扎罗木得 		1901
699 5 Shunhe
顺河 		1987 Closed
721 22 Hake
哈克 		1901
730 9 Xiha
西哈 		1901 Closed
736 6 Hongyuan
宏原 		1987 Closed
742 6 Hailar East
海拉尔东, ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ ᠳ‍ᠣ‍‍ᠷ‍ᠨ‍ᠣ‍ 		1901 Yimin Railway [zh]
(freight only)
749 7 Hailar
海拉尔, ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ 		1903
760 11 Anyi
安邑 		1901 Closed
771 11 Daliang
大良 		1901 (passenger only)
780 9 Wugunor
乌固诺尔 		1901
789 9 Wulanqiu
乌兰丘 		1987 (passenger only)
801 12 Donggong
东宫 		1987 (passenger only)
811 10 Wangong
完工 		1901
822 11 Doulun Halt
都伦乘降所 		1901 (passenger only)
833 11 Lingqiu Halt
陵丘乘降所 		1901 (passenger only)
844 11 He'erhongde
赫尔洪得 		1901
855 11 Huangde Halt
皇德乘降所 		1901 (passenger only)
866 11 Haomen Halt
豪门乘降所 		1987 (passenger only)
874 8 Cuogang
嵯岗 		1901
885 11 A'ergong
阿尔公 		1901 Closed
896 11 Hubei Halt
湖北乘降所 		1901 (passenger only)
906 10 Jalainur
扎赉诺尔, ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠳᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ 		1901
912 6 Jalainur West
扎赉诺尔西, ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠳᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠣᠨ 		1898
919 7 Donghao Halt
东壕乘降所 		1898 (passenger only)
927 8 Lubin
胪滨 		1898
935 8 Manzhouli
满洲里, ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷᠬᠣᠲᠠ 		Manchzhuriya
Маньчжурия 		1901
China–Russia border
939 4 Zabaikalsk
Забайкальск 		1901 Trans-Siberian Railway via Trans-Baikal Railway

References

  1. ^ Thomas, Bryn (1988). Trans-Siberian Handbook. Brentford: Roger Lascelles. ISBN 0903909693.
  2. ^ Quail Map Company (2008). China Railway Atlas (third ed.). Quail Map Company. ISBN 978-1-898319-82-5.
  3. ^ "Northernmost PDL opens in Heilongjiang". Railway Gazette. Railway Gazette. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  4. ^ "Search for train number e.g. K7092,4188". Chinese Railways. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  5. ^ "Search for train number e.g. K7092,4188". China Passenger Train Maps. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d (Chinese) 滨洲铁路简介 Archived 2013-02-21 at archive.today Accessed 2011-01-31
  7. ^ Thomas, Bryn (1988). Trans-Siberian Handbook. Brentford: Roger Lascelles. ISBN 0903909693.
  8. ^ Quail Map Company (2008). China Railway Atlas (third ed.). Quail Map Company. ISBN 978-1-898319-82-5.
  9. ^ "在"火车吧"里话别铁道部-中国青年报". zqb.cyol.com.
  10. ^ Strauss, Robert (1987). Trans-Siberian Rail Guide. Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Publications. ISBN 0946983062.
  11. ^ (Chinese) "哈尔滨铁路的百年历史发展" Tieliu Archived 2011-02-09 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2011-01-31
  12. ^ a b (Chinese) 滨洲铁路海拉尔至满洲里段复线全线通车 中国铁路网 Archived 2013-02-22 at archive.today 2007-12-05
  13. ^ 百年滨洲铁路进入电气化时代
  14. ^ "百年滨洲铁路接触网工程全线成功送电". Archived from the original on 2017-12-26. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
  15. ^ "Northernmost PDL opens in Heilongjiang". Railway Gazette. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  16. ^ (Chinese) "哈尔滨滨洲铁路桥等19处建筑申报全国重点文物保护单位"

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Multi-purpose sports arena in Quezon City, Philippines Araneta ColiseumThe Big DomeAraneta Coliseum in 2017Full nameSmart Araneta ColiseumFormer namesAraneta Coliseum Cinema, Philippine Coliseum, and Shell ColiseumLocationAraneta City, Cubao, Quezon City, Metro ManilaCoordinates14°37′14″N 121°3′12″E / 14.62056°N 121.05333°E / 14.62056; 121.05333Public transit Araneta Center-Cubao 3 Araneta Center-Cubao  51  53  61  Farmers Plaz...

 

Walnut

Nut of any tree of the genus Juglans This article is about walnuts as food. For the genus, see Juglans. For walnut wood (timber), see Juglans § Wood. For other uses, see Walnut (disambiguation). Walnuts Inside of a walnut in growth Three-segment walnut Walnut shell inside its green husk Artistic depiction of two walnuts (Adriaen Coorte, 1702) A walnut is the edible seed of any tree of the genus Juglans (family Juglandaceae), particularly the Persian or English walnut, Juglans regia. The...