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Hans Geiger
Hans Geiger
	Hans Wilhelm Geiger (1928)
Born	30 September 1882; Neustadt an der Haardt, Palatinate, German Empire
Died	24 September 1945 (aged 62); Potsdam, Germany
Nationality	German
Known for	Geiger counter; Geiger–Marsden experiment; Geiger–Müller tube; Geiger–Nuttall law; Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment; Coincidence method;
Awards	Hughes Medal (1929); Duddell Medal and Prize (1937);
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics and sciences
Institutions	University of Erlangen; University of Manchester;

Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (/ˈɡaɪɡər/; German: [ˈɡaɪɡɐ]; 30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. He also carried the Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment that confirmed the conservation of energy in light-particle interactions.

He was the brother of meteorologist and climatologist Rudolf Geiger.

Biography

Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was a professor at the University of Erlangen. In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906.^[1] His thesis was on electrical discharges through gases.^[2] He received a fellowship to the University of Manchester and worked as an assistant to Arthur Schuster. In 1907, after Schuster's retirement, Geiger began to work with his successor, Ernest Rutherford, and in 1908, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment (also known as the "gold foil experiment"). This process allowed them to count alpha particles^[3]^[4]^[5]^[2] and led Rutherford to start thinking about the structure of the atom.

In 1911 Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall discovered the Geiger–Nuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led to Rutherford's atomic model.^[6]

In 1912, Geiger was named head of radiation research at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (Imperial Physical Technical Institute – PTR) in Charlottenburg. There he worked with Walter Bothe (winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics) and James Chadwick (winner of the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics).^[7] Work was interrupted when Geiger served in the German military during World War I as an artillery officer from 1914 to 1918.

In 1924, Geiger and Bothe carried the Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment that confirmed the Compton effect which helped earn Arthur Compton the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics.^[2] Bothe would also receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for their experiment in 1954, after Geiger's death.^[8]

In 1925, he began a teaching position at the University of Kiel where, in 1928 Geiger and his student Walther Müller created an improved version of the Geiger tube, the Geiger–Müller tube. This new device not only detected alpha particles, but beta and gamma particles as well, and is the basis for the Geiger counter.^[9]^[10]

In 1929 Geiger was named professor of physics and director of research at the University of Tübingen where he made his first observations of a cosmic ray shower. In 1936 he took a position with Technische Universität Berlin where he continued to research cosmic rays, nuclear fission, and artificial radiation until his death in 1945.^[2]

Beginning in 1939, after the discovery of atomic fission, Geiger was a member of the Uranium Club, the German investigation of nuclear weapons during World War II. The group splintered in 1942 after its members came to believe (incorrectly, as it would later transpire) that nuclear weapons would not play a significant role in ending the war.^[7]

Although Geiger signed a petition against the Nazi government's interference with universities, he provided no support to colleague Hans Bethe (winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics) when he was fired for being Jewish.^[11]^[12]

Geiger endured the Battle of Berlin and subsequent Soviet occupation in April/May 1945. A couple of months later he moved to Potsdam, dying there on 24 September 1945.

References

^ Krebs, AT (July 1956). "Hans Geiger: Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of His Doctoral Thesis, 23 July 1906". Science. 124 (3213): 166. Bibcode:1956Sci...124..166K. doi:10.1126/science.124.3213.166. PMID 17843412.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A.; Steensma, D. P. (2011). "Hans Geiger—German Physicist and the Geiger Counter". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86 (12): e54. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0638. PMC 3228631. PMID 22196280.
^ Rutherford E.; Geiger H. (1908). "An electrical method of counting the number of α particles from radioactive substances". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 81 (546): 141–161. Bibcode:1908RSPSA..81..141R. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0065. ISSN 1364-5021.
^ Geiger H. (1913). "Über eine einfache Methode zur Zählung von α- und β-Strahlen (On a simple method for counting α- and β-rays)". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 15: 534–539.
^ Campbell John (1999). Rutherford Scientist Supreme, AAS Publications.
^ H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the α particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation", Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 22, no. 130, pages 613-621. See also: H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1912) "The ranges of α particles from uranium", Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 23, no. 135, pages 439-445.
^ ^a ^b "June 1911: Invention of the Geiger Counter".
^ Maier, Elke (2011). "Flashback: Particle Billiards, Captured on Film". MaxPlanckResearch. 3: 92–93.
^ Geiger; Müller W. (1928). "Elektronenzählrohr zur Messung schwächster Aktivitäten (Electron counting tube for the measurement of the weakest radioactivities)". Die Naturwissenschaften (The Sciences). 16 (31): 617–618. Bibcode:1928NW.....16..617G. doi:10.1007/BF01494093. ISSN 0028-1042. S2CID 27274269.
^
See also:
1. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzählrohr" (The electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 29: 839-841.
2. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzählrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 489-493.
3. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzählrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 523 ff.
^ "Scientific Exodus".
^ "How 2 Pro-Nazi Nobelists Attacked Einstein's "Jewish Science" [Excerpt]". Scientific American.

External links

Media related to Hans Geiger at Wikimedia Commons
Annotated bibliography for Hans Geiger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

[1] Krebs, AT (July 1956). "Hans Geiger: Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of His Doctoral Thesis, 23 July 1906". Science. 124 (3213): 166. Bibcode:1956Sci...124..166K. doi:10.1126/science.124.3213.166. PMID 17843412.

[auto1-2] Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A.; Steensma, D. P. (2011). "Hans Geiger—German Physicist and the Geiger Counter". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86 (12): e54. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0638. PMC 3228631. PMID 22196280.

[3] Rutherford E.; Geiger H. (1908). "An electrical method of counting the number of α particles from radioactive substances". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 81 (546): 141–161. Bibcode:1908RSPSA..81..141R. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0065. ISSN 1364-5021.

[4] Geiger H. (1913). "Über eine einfache Methode zur Zählung von α- und β-Strahlen (On a simple method for counting α- and β-rays)". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 15: 534–539.

[5] Campbell John (1999). Rutherford Scientist Supreme, AAS Publications.

[6] H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the α particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation", Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 22, no. 130, pages 613-621. See also: H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1912) "The ranges of α particles from uranium", Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 23, no. 135, pages 439-445.

[auto-7] "June 1911: Invention of the Geiger Counter".

[:02-8] Maier, Elke (2011). "Flashback: Particle Billiards, Captured on Film". MaxPlanckResearch. 3: 92–93.

[9] Geiger; Müller W. (1928). "Elektronenzählrohr zur Messung schwächster Aktivitäten (Electron counting tube for the measurement of the weakest radioactivities)". Die Naturwissenschaften (The Sciences). 16 (31): 617–618. Bibcode:1928NW.....16..617G. doi:10.1007/BF01494093. ISSN 0028-1042. S2CID 27274269.

[10] See also:
Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzählrohr" (The electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 29: 839-841.

Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzählrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 489-493.

Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzählrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 523 ff.

[11] Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzählrohr" (The electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 29: 839-841.

[12] Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzählrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 489-493.

[13] Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzählrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 523 ff.

[11] "Scientific Exodus".

[12] "How 2 Pro-Nazi Nobelists Attacked Einstein's "Jewish Science" [Excerpt]". Scientific American.

[16] Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzählrohr" (The electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 29: 839-841.

[17] Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzählrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 489-493.

[18] Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzählrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 523 ff.

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Hans Geiger

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