Hand feel

A baby wearing many items of soft winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, scarf and sweater

Hand feel (Hand, Fabric hand, Fabric feel) is the property of fabrics related to the touch that expresses sensory comfort. It refers to the way fabrics feel against the skin or in the hand and conveys information about the cloth's softness and smoothness. Hand feel is an estimated and subjective property of different fabrics, but nowadays, hand feel could be measured and assessed statistically.[1][2][3]

Handle

This terminology was commonly used in relation to wool, referred to as a 'wool term,' or in the broader textile industry to describe fabrics.[4] When discussing wool, the term encompasses all the characteristics that contribute to its quality, including softness, fineness, length, and elasticity.[4] These traits are typically perceived through touch.[4]

When evaluating the quality of woven fabrics, the attribute of "handle" is also a factor.[4] This term refers to qualities like hardness, severity, softness, and smoothness, which are also assessed through touch and contribute to the overall quality of the fabric.[4]

Tactile senses

Our daily life experiences are profoundly influenced by the sense of touch. Touch is the first sense to develop, beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy. During the next few months in the womb, the baby's entire body develops touch receptors. Around 7 weeks into pregnancy, touch is the first sense to develop in the fetus.[5][6][7] Therefore, hand feel is an important characteristic of clothing that provides sensory comfort.

Hand feel (also called handle or drape[8]) is one of the basic characteristics that are necessary for sensory comfort that is related to tactile comfort.[9] It is related to the friction between the clothes and the body. It is associated with smoothness, roughness, softness, and stiffness of clothing material. The degree of tactile discomfort may vary with individuals. Some of the terms that describe the tactile sensations are clingy, sticky, scratchy, prickly, soft, stiff, heavy, light and hard.[10]

Terms

There are different terms in use for describing the softness of textile materials. Wool trade term for the same is ''Handle'' or ''A good handling''. The opposing term is 'A poor handling' that suggests the material's poor or harsh hand feel.[11]

Objective

Fabrics during manufacturing becomes harsh that is undesirable hence they are made soft again for end users or useful input materials for subsequent processes.[12] The hand feel matters in selecting the fabrics for a particular category or line; for instance, softer clothes are preferred for children. Ladies' clothes are designed with lighter and softer than men's cloth.[1]

Softening and stiffening

Softening finishes are aimed to make materials, soft, in against to that stiffening finishes are intended to make materials, stiff in order to prevent sagging. Stiffening adds crispiness to the light sheer fabrics. Stiffening involves the application of thermoplastic resins and polymers. Parchmentising is a kind of finish that stiffens the treated cellulosic materials while imparting translucency.[13]

More objectives of hand feel are:

Fabric drape

Drape (draping or fabric drape) is the property of different textile materials how they fold, fall, or hang along with a three-dimensional body. Draping depends upon the fiber characteristics and the flexibility, looseness, and softness of the material.Drape finishes can also alter the draping properties of clothes.[9][14][15] Draping clothes embrace feminine beauty.[16][17]

Loft

Hand feel adds compression resiliency; Soft fabrics tend to spring back to their original shape.[9]

Sewability

Soft fabrics are more compatible in sewing. Softness improves the sewability of the fabrics.[18][19][20] Handfeel helps not only in selling the goods and comfort but also aid in sewing (avoids stitching holes).[21]

Factors

Hand feel may vary with the composition, various yarn parameters (such as hairiness, twist and yarn count), and gsm (fabric weight), and fabric construction.[1] Some undesired acid, alkaline, and temperature treatments can make certain fabrics harsher.[22]

The judgement of fabrics on the scale of soft to harsh is affected by the following parameters.

Fiber properties and yarn

The staple length and diameter of the constituting fibers affect the softness of the materials. More considerable fiber length needs less twisting, and loosely twisted yarns tend to have a softer hand feel. Examples are egyptian, and pima cotton is softer than cotton with shorter fibers. The same is with Silk, and synthetic fibers that have infinite length are softer.[23][24][1][25]

Texture

The concept of texture pertains to the characteristics of a fabric's surface and can be discerned through both visual and tactile perceptions. The texture of a fabric may be either smooth or rough. As natural fibers are characterized by inherent variations, they tend to imbue fabrics with greater texture compared to their synthetic or manufactured counterparts. The texture of a fabric is also greatly influenced by factors such as yarn type, finishing techniques, and fabric structure.[26]

Surface contour

The surface contour of the fiber characterizes its outer surface along its shaft and may be rough, smooth, scaly, serrated, convoluted, or striated, all of which contribute to the friction, softness, and texture. The property is important for the texture and hand feel of the fabric that is made.[27][28]

Fabric construction and thickness

The fabric construction and thickness of the cloth can present harsh or soft handfeel. Usually, the fine and lightweight structures with loose weave or knit constructions are more delicate until the twisted or textured yarns are not used. On the other hand, heavy, and thicker fabrics could be soft or harsh depending upon the after treatments and varied yarn forms.[29][30]

Process

The feel of some fabrics like silk (satin), fine muslins (mulmul), rayon (modal or lyocell), nylon and microfibers' fabrics are naturally soft. Still, in large, it is manipulated with different processes and finishing techniques. Fabric softeners and certain surface finishes such as napping help improve the hand feel of fabrics.[31][32][33]

Fabric softeners

Fabric softeners are substances that aid in the softening, durability, and drape of fabrics. Softeners also help in providing body to the fabrics and they facilitate other finishing processes, such as wrinkle resistance finish where fabrics become stiffened due to the finish. Silicone compounds, substituted ammonium compounds, fats, wax emulsions, and oils are the most commonly used softening agents.[13]

Surface finishes

Surface finishes are the treatments that alter the surface and feel of the textiles. They include several mechanical and chemical applications.

Mechanical

Napping

Napping or Raising produces a soft and fibrous surface, it is a mechanical finish. A machine equipped with metallic wires that breaks the yarns and creates a fibrous surface on the surface.

Sueding

Sueding is a similar finish to napping, but it's a delicate finish; the arrangements on the machine, such as bristles, are softer.[34][9]

Shearing

Shearing improves the appearance and feel of the fabric by cutting the loops or raised surface to a uniform and even height.[35]

Chemical

Main article: Chemical finishing of textiles
Mercerizing

Mercerizing improves the characteristics of the cellulosic materials and improves the feel and aesthetics of the treated fabrics.

Deweighting

Deweighting, or weight reduction, is a treatment for polyester to make it like silk. The treatment peels the surface and reduces the fiber weight and strength while making them softer and finer. Additionally, the treatment enhances the absorbency of the treated substrates.[36]

Bio polishing

Bio polishing or Enzyme wash is applicable in cellulosic fibers; it is a cellulase enzyme treatment that helps cut protruding fibers and produce a clean, lustrous and softer material.[9][37]

Functional finishes

Functional finishes add value other than handfeel and aesthetics.[9] Moisture wicking is an example of functional finish that enhances the wearer's comfort.

Testing

So far, hand feel has been a subjectively judged parameter based on manual touch. But now, there are hand feel testers that can evaluate the quality with parameters of bending, roughness, compression, and friction.[38][39][40]

Tests

One of the instrumental test methods is  "AATCC TM 202:2014," which measures the "feels and looks" similar to manual sensory perceptions.[41]

Kawabata evaluation system

The Kawabata evaluation system predicts human responses and understands the perception of softness. Additionally, it can be used to determine the transient heat transfer properties associated with the sensation of coolness generated when fabrics come into contact with the skin while being worn.[42][43]

Interactive touch-activated display

The interactive touch-activated display, also known as the "iTad," is a device equipped with multitouch sensing that can help feel images on a touch screen.[44]

How different fabrics feel when someone judges them manually

Manually evaluating the fabric's feel is subjective. Perceptions of different people may differ. Skillful assessment may require experience in the handling of different fabrics. Thermal conductivity also plays a role in how different fabrics feel.

  • Cotton, linen, and rayon are good conductors of heat. The heat from the finger may be lost on touching while judging. Thus, these fibers "feel cool to the touch."
  • Wool feels warm as it is not a good conductor of heat. The heat is not lost when someone puts his/her finger on the fabric of wool, it remains there and that is why the wool feels warm. Wool has elasticity and is springy as well.
  • Silk, like wool, feels warm. It is elastic and feels smooth.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (10 August 2004). Fabric Hand - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-1-85573-905-5. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  2. ^ Wilusz, E. (2008-05-21). Military Textiles. Elsevier. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-84569-451-7.
  3. ^ Purushothama, B. (2019-01-31). Handbook of Value Addition Processes for Fabrics. Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited. p. 380. ISBN 978-93-85059-92-6.
  4. ^ a b c d e "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Piece Goods Manual, by A. E. Blanco". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  5. ^ Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Academic Press. 2017-02-18. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-12-812173-3.
  6. ^ Bremner, Andrew J.; Lewkowicz, David J.; Spence, Charles (2012-06-21). Multisensory Development. OUP Oxford. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-162758-3.
  7. ^ "The first sense a baby develops: Touch". BabyCenter. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  8. ^ Wilson, Kax (1979). A history of textiles. Internet Archive. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-89158-491-9.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill. pp. 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7.
  10. ^ Song, Guowen (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 223, 235, 237, 427. ISBN 9780857090645.
  11. ^ Hind, John Richard (1934). Woollen & Worsted Raw Materials: Covering the Syllabus of the City and Guilds of London Examinations in These Subjects. Ernest Benn. p. 40.
  12. ^ Hummel, John James (1885). The dyeing of textile fabrics. p. 237.
  13. ^ a b Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science. Internet Archive. Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-03-050723-6.
  14. ^ Sinclair, Rose (2014-11-08). Textiles and Fashion: Materials, Design and Technology. Elsevier. p. 727. ISBN 978-0-85709-561-9.
  15. ^ Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7.
  16. ^ Baines, Barbara Burman (1981). Fashion Revivals: From the Elizabethan Age to the Present Day. Batsford. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7134-1929-0.
  17. ^ Shukla, Pravina (2008). The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India. Indiana University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-253-34911-8.
  18. ^ Dyer, Elizabeth (1927). Textile Fabrics. Houghton Mifflin. p. 341.
  19. ^ Dooley, William Henry (1930). Clothing and Style: For Dressmakers, Milliners, Buyers, Designers, Students of Clothing, and Stylers. D. C. Heath. p. 284.
  20. ^ Mead, Marjorie Elaine; Siemen, Esther Ella; Sohn, Marjorie Ann (1975). Learning to Sew. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. p. 21.
  21. ^ "Fabric Softness - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  22. ^ Army, United States Department of the (1972). Technical Manual: TM. p. 7.
  23. ^ Nielson, Karla J. (2007-07-10). Interior Textiles: Fabrics, Application, and Historic Style. John Wiley & Sons. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-471-60640-6.
  24. ^ Fourt, Lyman Edwin (1970). Clothing : comfort and function. Internet Archive. New York : M. Dekker. pp. 165–167. ISBN 978-0-8247-1214-3.
  25. ^ Hollen, Norma R.; Hollen, Norma R. Textiles (1988). Textiles. Internet Archive. New York : Macmillan. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-02-367530-0.
  26. ^ Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill. pp. 23, 24. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7.
  27. ^ Hollen, Norma Rosamond (1979). Textiles. Internet Archive. New York : Macmillan. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-02-356130-6.
  28. ^ Kadolph (2009). Textiles. Pearson Education. p. 22. ISBN 978-81-317-2570-2.
  29. ^ Fabric Thickness - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. ISBN 978-1-84569-931-4. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  30. ^ Textile Asia. Business Press. 1993. p. 34.
  31. ^ LIFE. Time Inc. 1952-03-10. p. 143.
  32. ^ Knecht, Edmund (1911). "Finishing" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 378–382.
  33. ^ The Indian Textile Journal. Indian Textile Journal Limited. 2012. p. 98.
  34. ^ Choudhury, Asim Kumar Roy (2017-04-29). Principles of Textile Finishing. Woodhead Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-08-100661-0.
  35. ^ Elsasser, Virginia Hencken (2005). Textiles : concepts and principles. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Fairchild Publications. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-56367-300-9.
  36. ^ Kolanjikombil, Mathews (2019). Pretreatment of Textile Substrates. Woodhead Publishing India. pp. 116, 117. ISBN 978-93-85059-99-5.
  37. ^ Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7.
  38. ^ Intertek's High Performance Textile Testing - Fabric Touch Test (FTT), 21 August 2018, retrieved 2021-04-28
  39. ^ An analysis of fabric 'hand' and 'feel '
  40. ^ "Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  41. ^ "AATCC Test Methods - Textile Testing Research and Development". AATCC. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  42. ^ Allerkamp, Dennis (2010-09-08). Tactile Perception of Textiles in a Virtual-Reality System. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-642-13974-1.
  43. ^ Harwood, R. J.; Weedall, P. J.; Carr, C. (1990). "The use of the Kawabata Evaluation System for product development and quality control". Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. 106 (2): 64–68. doi:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1990.tb01244.x. ISSN 1478-4408.
  44. ^ "IIT Madras Researchers Create Touch Screen Which Can Help You 'Feel' Images". News18. 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  45. ^ Potter, Maurice David; Corbman, Bernard P. (1967). Textiles: fiber to fabric. Internet Archive. New York, Gregg Division, McGraw-Hill. p. 17.

Read other articles:

Hidaka, Kōchi

Hidaka 日高村Desa BenderaLambangLokasi Hidaka di Prefektur KōchiNegara JepangWilayahShikokuPrefektur KōchiDistrikTakaokaLuas • Total44,9 km2 (173 sq mi)Populasi (Oktober 1, 2015) • Total5.030 • Kepadatan112,0/km2 (2,900/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+09:00 (JST)Kode pos781-2153Nomor telepon0889-24-5126Alamat61-1 Hongō, Hidaka-mura, Takaoka-gun, Kōchi-kenSitus webSitus web resmi Hidaka (日高村code: ja is deprecated , Hi...

 

Bokholt-Hanredder

Bokholt-Hanredder. Bokholt-Hanredder adalah kota yang terletak di distrik Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Jerman. Kota Bokholt-Hanredder memiliki luas sebesar 8.56 km². Bokholt-Hanredder pada tahun 2006, memiliki penduduk sebanyak 1.281 jiwa. lbsKota dan kotamadya di Pinneberg (distrik) Appen Barmstedt Bevern Bilsen Bokel Bokholt-Hanredder Bönningstedt Borstel-Hohenraden Brande-Hörnerkirchen Bullenkuhlen Ellerbek Ellerhoop Elmshorn Groß Nordende Groß Offenseth-Aspern Halstenbek Hasel...

 

Torbjörn Nilsson

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori svedesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Torbjörn Nilsson Nazionalità  Svezia Altezza 190 cm Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex attaccante) Termine carriera 1986 - giocatore Carriera Giovanili ?-1970 Jonsereds IF Squadre di club1 1971-1975 Jonsereds IF? (?)1975-1976 IFK Göteborg49 (34)1976-1977 PSV11 (2)1977-1982 IFK Götebo...

New York Giants

National Football League franchise in East Rutherford, New Jersey This article is about the current American football team. For the baseball team, see San Francisco Giants and New York Giants (baseball). For other uses, see New York Giants (disambiguation). New Jersey Giants redirects here. For the breed of domestic chicken, see Jersey Giant. New York Giants Current seasonEstablished August 1, 1925; 98 years ago (August 1, 1925)[1]First season: 1925Play in MetLife Stadium...

 

All Nations University

University in Ghana All Nations UniversityAll Nations University College (ANUC) School of Engineering, Main Campus, Koforidua - Akwadum Highway.MottoEquipped for every good workTypePrivateEstablishedOctober 2002PresidentDr. Samuel DonkorLocationKoforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana6°05′26″N 0°15′48″W / 6.09056°N 0.26333°W / 6.09056; -0.26333Websitewww.anuc.edu.gh All Nations University was founded by Rev. Dr. Samuel Donkor in Ghana. It began with 37 students in ...

 

Geumpang, Pidie

GeumpangKecamatanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiAcehKabupatenPidiePemerintahan • Camat-Populasi • Total- jiwaKode Kemendagri11.07.05 Kode BPS1109010 Luas1.576,00 km²Desa/kelurahan- Angkutan barang dengan gajah antara Geumpang dan Tangse, Pidie pada masa Hindia Belanda Geumpang adalah sebuah Kecamatan di Kabupaten Pidie, Aceh, Indonesia. Pranala luar (Indonesia) Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah ...

Saint Augustin, Madagascar

Place in Toliara, MadagascarSaint Augustin IanantsonySaint AugustinSaint AugustinLocation in MadagascarCoordinates: 23°33′S 43°46′E / 23.550°S 43.767°E / -23.550; 43.767Country MadagascarProvinceToliaraRegionAtsimo-AndrefanaDistrictToliara IIElevation[1]39 m (128 ft)Population (2001)[2] • Total15,000Time zoneUTC3 (EAT)Postal code602 Saint Augustin (also known as Ianantsony; Malagasy: Anantsono) is a rural municipa...

 

Type 96 tank

Chinese main battle tank Type 96 Main Battle TankZTZ-96 Type 96B MBT at Tank Biathlon 2017.TypeMain battle tankPlace of originChinaService historyIn service1997–presentUsed bySee OperatorsProduction historyManufacturerFirst Inner Mongolia Machinery FactoryNo. built2,500+[1]SpecificationsMassType 96: 41 tonnes Type 96A: 42.8 tonnes Type 96B: 43 tonnesLength6.33 mWidth3.45 mHeight2.30 mCrew3ArmorType 96: Composite armor (Steel & Ceramic Aluminum Titanate w...

 

拉米兹·阿利雅

拉米兹·阿利雅Ramiz Alia第1任阿尔巴尼亚總統任期1991年4月30日—1992年4月9日继任萨利·贝里沙阿尔巴尼亚人民议会主席团主席任期1982年11月22日—1991年4月30日前任哈奇·列希继任转任总统阿尔巴尼亚劳动党第一书记任期1985年4月13日—1991年5月4日前任恩维尔·霍查继任无（政党解散） 个人资料出生(1925-10-18)1925年10月18日 阿尔巴尼亚斯库台逝世2011年10月17日(2011歲—10—17)（85�...

Turku Cemetery

The family grave of William Crichton in Turku Cemetery Turku Cemetery (Finnish: Turun hautausmaa, Swedish: Åbo begravningsplats) is a cemetery inaugurated in 1807 and located in Vasaramäki on the south-eastern outskirts of the city of Turku. The drawings of the cemetery has been prepared by the architect Charles Bassi. In the cemetery there are two chapels complexes. The Resurrection Chapel or Ylösnousemuskappeli/Uppståndelsekapellet was completed in 1941 by architect Erik Bryggman. The H...

 

Boom! Boom! The World Vs Boris Becker

Film by Alex Gibney Boom! Boom! The World Vs Boris BeckerOfficial release posterDirected byAlex GibneyScreenplay byAlex GibneyProduced by John Battsek Alex Gibney Erin Edeiken George Chignell Starring Barbara Becker Boris Becker Björn Borg Novak Djokovic John McEnroe Ion Tiriac Mats Wilander Edited by Michael J. Palmer Graeme Butler (co-editor) Music by Peter Nashell Eric V. Hachikian Productioncompanies Jigsaw Productions Ventureland Distributed byApple TV+Release dates 19 February...

 

2009–10 Nevada Wolf Pack men's basketball team

American college basketball season 2009–10 Nevada Wolf Pack men's basketballNIT, Second RoundConferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceRecord21–13 (11–5 WAC)Head coachDavid Carter (1st season)Assistant coaches Doug Novsek Keith Brown Dennis Gates Home arenaLawlor Events CenterSeasons← 2008–092010–11 → 2009–10 WAC men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   PCT W   L   PCT Utah State 14 – 2   .875 27 – 7 &...

Rocket Lake

Intel microprocessor, released in 2021 Rocket LakeGeneral informationLaunchedMarch 30, 2021; 3 years ago (2021-03-30)[2]DiscontinuedFebruary 23, 2024; 3 months ago (2024-02-23)[1]Product code80708PerformanceMax. CPU clock rate1.3 GHz to 5.3 GHzCacheL1 cache80 KB per core: 32 KB instructions48 KB dataL2 cache512 KB per coreL3 cache2 MB per coreArchitecture and classificationTechnology nodeIntel 14 ...

 

Grizzly bear

Subspecies of brown bear For other uses, see Grizzly bear (disambiguation). Grizzly redirects here. For other uses, see Grizzly (disambiguation). Grizzly bearTemporal range: Pleistocene – Present Conservation status Apparently Secure  (NatureServe)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Ursidae Genus: Ursus Species: U. arctos Subspecies: U. a. horribilis Trinomial name Ursus arctos hor...

 

2024 PBA Philippine Cup

Second conference of the 2023–24 PBA season 2024 PBA Philippine CupDurationFebruary 28 – June 16, 2024TV partner(s)Local: RPTV PBA Rush (HD) International: Pilipinas Live Online: Pilipinas LiveFinalsChampionsMeralco BoltsRunners-upSan Miguel BeermenAwardsBest PlayerJune Mar Fajardo(San Miguel Beermen)Finals MVPChris Newsome(Meralco Bolts)PBA Philippine Cup chronology< 2022PBA conference chronology< 2023–24 Commissioner's The 2024 PBA Philippine Cup also known as the 2024...

Hal Gausman

Hal GausmanBiographieNaissance 13 novembre 1917Los AngelesDécès 10 juin 2003 ou 14 juin 2003Comté de VenturaNationalité américaineActivités Décorateur de plateau, chef décorateurPériode d'activité à partir de 1952modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Hal G. Gausman est un décorateur américain ayant travaillé à partir de 1958 pour Walt Disney Pictures. Il a été nommé à cinq reprises aux Oscars du cinéma. Gausman est mort le 10 juin 2003[1]. Biographie Cette sectio...

 

Chingford Hatch

Human settlement in EnglandChingford HatchFields in Chingford HatchChingford HatchLocation within Greater LondonLondon boroughWaltham ForestCeremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPostcode districtE4Dialling code020PoliceMetropolitanFireLondonAmbulanceLondon London AssemblyNorth East List of places UK England London 51°37′05″N 0°00′14″E / 51.617977°N 0.003830°E / 51....

 

HIF1A

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens HIF1AAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1H2K, 1H2L, 1H2M, 1L3E, 1L8C, 1LM8, 1LQB, 2ILM, 3HQR, 3HQU, 4AJY, 4H6JIdentifiersAliasesHIF1A, HIF-1-alpha, HIF-1A, HIF-1alpha, HIF1, HIF1-ALPHA, MOP1, PASD8, bHLHe78, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha subunit, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha, HIF-1αExternal IDsOMIM: 603348; MGI: 106918; HomoloGene: 1171; GeneCards: HIF1A; OMA:HIF1A - orthologsGene location (Huma...

1904 en France

Chronologies Données clés 1901 1902 1903  1904  1905 1906 1907Décennies :1870 1880 1890  1900  1910 1920 1930Siècles :XVIIIe XIXe  XXe  XXIe XXIIeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies géographiques Afrique Afrique du Sud, Algérie, Angola, Bénin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroun, Cap-Vert, République centrafricaine, Comores, République du Congo, République démocratique du Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Égyp...

 

Buddhist devotion

Devotional practices of Buddhists This article is about devotional practices in Buddhism. For the quality of faith in Buddhist theory and practice, see Faith in Buddhism. Buddhist devotional practices Devotional Offerings Prostration Merit-making Taking refuge Chanting / Music Pūja Holidays Buddha's Birthday Vesak Ghost Festival Uposatha Kaṭhina Precepts Five Precepts Eight Precepts Bodhisattva vow Bodhisattva Precepts Other Meditation Giving Texts Pilgrimage Fasting vte Devotion, a centra...