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Haitian Cuban
*Haitiano-Cubano*
*Haïtien Cubain*
*Ayisyen Kiben*
Total population
	300,000
Regions with significant populations
	Camagüey, Ciego de Ávila, Guantanamo, Havana, Matanzas
Languages
	Spanish, French, Haitian Creole
Religion
	Roman Catholicism, Haitian Vodou
Related ethnic groups
	Haitians, Haitian Americans, Haitian Brazilian, Haitian Canadians, Haitian Chilean

Haitian Cubans (Spanish: Haitiano-Cubano; French: Haïtien Cubain; Haitian Creole: Ayisyen Kiben) are Cuban citizens of full or partial Haitian ancestry.

Origins

Haitian culture and French and Haitian Creole languages, first entered Cuba with the arrival of Haitian immigrants at the start of the 19th century. Haiti was a French colony, and the final years of the 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution brought a wave of French settlers fleeing with their Haitian slaves to Cuba. They came mainly to the east, and especially Guantanamo, where the French later introduced sugar cultivation, constructed sugar refineries and developed coffee plantations.

By 1804, some 30,000 French were living in Baracoa and Maisí, the furthest eastern municipalities of the province.

Haitian immigrant workers (1912-1939)

Due to the United States occupation of Haiti, many Haitians left to find work as laborers in neighboring countries like Cuba. These immigrants lived a fine line trying to maintain their Haitian culture and assimilating enough to be able to work and live in a foreign society. In 1937, over 25,000 Haitians were forcibly removed from Cuba and sent back to Haiti.^[2] This different treatment of migrant laborers is due to several factors. Cuban racists beliefs combined with economic concerns were a direct catalyst for this drastic Haitian exodus.^[3]

Revolution

Cubans feared a repeat of the Haitian Revolution, which was not quelled by the current guerrilla warfare in Haiti by the caco forces against the Americans. Similarly, black Haitians were stereotyped as being violent and rife with crime.^[4] Being the subject of stereotypes wasn't uncommon in Cuba, as black Cubans were often stereotyped the same way.^[5]

Religion

Haitian practice of vodou, was often mistaken for "witchcraft."^[6]

Language

The vast majority of Haitians spoke Haitian Creole, which created a language barrier forcing Haitians to remain in agricultural labor.^[7]

Housing practices

Haitians lived in small communities near the sugar cane plantations, very rural and removed from populous cities.^[8]

Education

Economic restraints amongst Haitians kept education informal and contained in their small communities, as such, very few of these Haitians had anything above a basic level of Creole literacy. This enabled Haitians to keep control over the cultural values their children received.^[8]

Haitian religion

Majority of Haitians are Catholic but vodou is also present behind the scenes. Vodou is decentralized and flexible. The rituals involved in vodou strengthen community ties and help the oppressed Haitians deal with their suffering.^[9]

Recent years

Haitians have continued to come to Cuba to work as braceros (hand workers, from the Spanish word brazo, meaning "arm") in the fields cutting cane. Their living and working conditions were not much better than slavery.^[10] Although they planned to return to Haiti, most stayed on in Cuba. For years, many Haitians and their descendants in Cuba did not identify themselves as such or speak Creole. In the eastern part of the island, many Haitians continued to suffer discrimination.

Notable Haitian Cubans

Benito Martínez (died 2006), claimed to be the world's oldest living person
Celia Cruz (1925–2003), singer and one of the most popular Latin artists of the 20th century, her mother was of Haitian-Cuban descent

References

^ "Haiti in Cuba". www.afrocubaweb.com. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Marc C. McLeod, "Undesirable Aliens: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism in the Comparison of Haitian and British West Indian Workers in Cuba, 1912-1939." Journal of Social History (1998): 599-614., 599
^ McLeod, 603
^ McLeod, 601
^ "A Lesson From Cuba on Race". 17 November 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
^ McLeod, 602
^ McLeod, 607
^ ^a ^b McLeod, 609
^ McLeod, 610
^ Finesurrey, Samuel (10 December 2020). "Contesting Circuits of Empire: Afro-Caribbean Migrant Labor in Cuba, 1899-1958". CUNY Academic Works. Retrieved 9 December 2023.