HRAS

This article is about the gene and protein it encodes. For the singular of HRAs, see HRA (disambiguation).
HRAS
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesHRAS, C-BAS/HAS, C-H-RAS, C-HA-RAS1, CTLO, H-RASIDX, HAMSV, HRAS1, RASH1, p21ras, Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase, RASK2
External IDsOMIM: 190020; MGI: 96224; HomoloGene: 55890; GeneCards: HRAS; OMA:HRAS - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3265

15461

Ensembl

ENSG00000276536
ENSG00000174775

ENSMUSG00000025499

UniProt

P01112

Q61411

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001130442
NM_005343
NM_176795
NM_001318054

NM_001130443
NM_001130444
NM_008284

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001123914
NP_001304983
NP_005334
NP_789765

NP_001123915
NP_001123916
NP_032310

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 0.53 – 0.54 MbChr 7: 140.77 – 140.77 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

GTPase HRas, from "Harvey Rat sarcoma virus", also known as transforming protein p21 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HRAS gene.[5][6] The HRAS gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 at position 15.5, from base pair 522,241 to base pair 525,549.[7] HRas is a small G protein in the Ras subfamily of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. Once bound to Guanosine triphosphate, H-Ras will activate a Raf kinase like c-Raf, the next step in the MAPK/ERK pathway.

Function

GTPase HRas is involved in regulating cell division in response to growth factor stimulation. Growth factors act by binding cell surface receptors that span the cell's plasma membrane. Once activated, receptors stimulate signal transduction events in the cytoplasm, a process by which proteins and second messengers relay signals from outside the cell to the cell nucleus and instructs the cell to grow or divide. The HRAS protein is a GTPase and is an early player in many signal transduction pathways and is usually associated with cell membranes due to the presence of an isoprenyl group on its C-terminus. HRAS acts as a molecular on/off switch, once it is turned on it recruits and activates proteins necessary for the propagation of the receptor's signal, such as c-Raf and PI 3-kinase. HRAS binds to GTP in the active state and possesses an intrinsic enzymatic activity that cleaves the terminal phosphate of this nucleotide converting it to GDP. Upon conversion of GTP to GDP, HRAS is turned off. The rate of conversion is usually slow but can be sped up dramatically by an accessory protein of the GTPase activating protein (GAP) class, for example RasGAP. In turn HRAS can bind to proteins of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) class, for example SOS1, which forces the release of bound nucleotide. Subsequently, GTP present in the cytosol binds and HRAS-GTP dissociates from the GEF, resulting in HRAS activation. HRAS is in the Ras family, which also includes two other proto-oncogenes: KRAS and NRAS. These proteins all are regulated in the same manner and appear to differ largely in their sites of action within the cell.

Clinical significance

See also: List of genes mutated in pigmented cutaneous lesions

Costello syndrome

At least five inherited mutations in the HRAS gene have been identified in people with Costello syndrome. Each of these mutations changes an amino acid in a critical region of the HRAS protein. The most common mutation replaces the amino acid glycine with the amino acid serine at position 12 (written as Gly12Ser or G12S). The mutations responsible for Costello syndrome lead to the production of an HRAS protein that is permanently active. Instead of triggering cell growth in response to particular signals from outside the cell, the overactive protein directs cells to grow and divide constantly. This uncontrolled cell division can result in the formation of noncancerous and cancerous tumors. Researchers are uncertain how mutations in the HRAS gene cause the other features of Costello syndrome (such as mental retardation, distinctive facial features, and heart problems), but many of the signs and symptoms probably result from cell overgrowth and abnormal cell

Bladder cancer

HRAS has been shown to be a proto-oncogene. When mutated, proto-oncogenes have the potential to cause normal cells to become cancerous. Some gene mutations are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells. These changes are called somatic mutations and are not inherited. Somatic mutations in the HRAS gene in bladder cells have been associated with bladder cancer. One specific mutation has been identified in a significant percentage of bladder tumors; this mutation substitutes one protein building block (amino acid) for another amino acid in the HRAS protein. Specifically, the mutation replaces the amino acid glycine with the amino acid valine at position 12 (written as Gly12Val, G12V, or H-RasV12). The altered HRAS protein is permanently activated within the cell. This overactive protein directs the cell to grow and divide in the absence of outside signals, leading to uncontrolled cell division and the formation of a tumor. Mutations in the HRAS gene also have been associated with the progression of bladder cancer and an increased risk of tumor recurrence after treatment.

Other cancers

Somatic mutations in the HRAS gene are probably involved in the development of several other types of cancer. These mutations lead to an HRAS protein that is always active and can direct cells to grow and divide without control. Recent studies suggest that HRAS mutations are common in thyroid, salivary duct carcinoma,[8] epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma,[9] and kidney cancers. DNA copy-number gain of a segment containing HRAS is included in a genome-wide pattern, which was found to be correlated with an astrocytoma patient's outcome.[10] [11] The HRAS protein also may be produced at higher levels (overexpressed) in other types of cancer cells.

References

  1. ^ a b c ENSG00000174775 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000276536, ENSG00000174775 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025499 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Wong-Staal F, Dalla-Favera R, Franchini G, Gelmann EP, Gallo RC (Jul 1981). "Three distinct genes in human DNA related to the transforming genes of mammalian sarcoma retroviruses". Science. 213 (4504): 226–8. Bibcode:1981Sci...213..226W. doi:10.1126/science.6264598. PMID 6264598.
  6. ^ Russell MW, Munroe DJ, Bric E, Housman DE, Dietz-Band J, Riethman HC, Collins FS, Brody LC (Jul 1996). "A 500-kb physical map and contig from the Harvey ras-1 gene to the 11p telomere". Genomics. 35 (2): 353–60. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0367. PMID 8661149.
  7. ^ "Entrez Gene: v-Ha-ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog".
  8. ^ Chiosea SI, Williams L, Griffith CC, Thompson LD, Weinreb I, Bauman JE, Luvison A, Roy S, Seethala RR, Nikiforova MN (Jun 2015). "Molecular characterization of apocrine salivary duct carcinoma". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 39 (6): 744–52. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000410. PMID 25723113. S2CID 34106002.
  9. ^ Chiosea SI, Miller M, Seethala RR (Jun 2014). "HRAS mutations in epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma". Head and Neck Pathology. 8 (2): 146–50. doi:10.1007/s12105-013-0506-4. PMC 4022927. PMID 24277618.
  10. ^ K. A. Aiello; O. Alter (October 2016). "Platform-Independent Genome-Wide Pattern of DNA Copy-Number Alterations Predicting Astrocytoma Survival and Response to Treatment Revealed by the GSVD Formulated as a Comparative Spectral Decomposition". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0164546. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1164546A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164546. PMC 5087864. PMID 27798635.
  11. ^ K. M. Reily; D. A. Loisel; R. T. Bronson; M. E. McLaughlin; T. Jacks (September 2000). "Nf1;Trp53 mutant mice develop glioblastoma with evidence of strain-specific effects". Nature Genetics. 26 (1): 109–113. doi:10.1038/79075. PMID 10973261. S2CID 23076620.

Further reading