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Gymnostoma
	Gymnostoma deplancheanum, very old specimen, near Prony, New Caledonia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Casuarinaceae
Genus:	Gymnostoma; L.A.S.Johnson
Species
	See text

Gymnostoma is a genus of about eighteen species of trees and shrubs, constituting one of the four genera of the plant family Casuarinaceae.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] The species grow naturally in the tropics, including at high elevations having temperate climates, in forests in the region of the western Pacific Ocean and Malesia. In New Caledonia, published botanical science describes eight species found growing naturally, which botanists have not found anywhere else (endemics).^[5] Other species are native to Borneo, Sumatra, Maluku, and New Guinea,^[6] and one endemic species each in Fiji and the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia.^[7]

The genus was first scientifically described by Lawrie A. S. Johnson in 1980.^[1] Many of the Gymnostoma species combinations of names (binomials) were described by him in 1982.^[3] As of 2013^[update], a global total of eighteen species have been found and described.^[8]^[9]

The majority of the species grow in rainforests, in the habitats of open, sunny, long-term gaps, from river bank (riparian) situations through to mountain top situations. In New Caledonia two endemic species G. chamaecyparis and G. deplancheanum have specialised adaptations, growing in wet "shrub maquis and paraforest maquis formations. G. chamaecyparis is associated with hypermagnesian soils (hypermagnesian inceptisol) below 600 m altitude at the base of ultramafic massifs. G. deplancheanum occurs on ferralitic ferritic desaturated hardpan or gravelly soils (oxisol) on the southern massif at altitudes between 200 and 1,000 m".^[5]

Species

There are 14 formally described species:^[10]^[6]

Gymnostoma australianum L.A.S.Johnson – Australia endemic^[11]
Gymnostoma chamaecyparis (J.Poiss.) L.A.S.Johnson – New Caledonia endemic^[5] (Fr)
Gymnostoma deplancheanum (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson – New Caledonia endemic^[5] (Fr)
Gymnostoma glaucescens (Schltr.) L.A.S.Johnson – New Caledonia endemic^[5]
Gymnostoma intermedium (J.Poiss.) L.A.S.Johnson – New Caledonia endemic^[5]
Gymnostoma leucodon (J.Poiss.) L.A.S.Johnson – New Caledonia endemic^[5]
Gymnostoma nobile (Whitmore) L.A.S.Johnson – Borneo
Gymnostoma nodiflorum (Thunb.) L.A.S.Johnson – New Caledonia endemic^[5]
Gymnostoma papuanum (S.Moore) L.A.S.Johnson – New Guinea
Gymnostoma poissonianum (Schltr.) L.A.S.Johnson – New Caledonia endemic^[5]
Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson – Maluku
Gymnostoma sumatranum (Jungh. ex de Vriese) L.A.S.Johnson – Sumatra
Gymnostoma vitiense L.A.S.Johnson – Fiji endemic
Gymnostoma webbianum (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson – New Caledonia endemic^[5]

There are approximately four additional species, found in New Guinea and collections preserved, that are awaiting formal description.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Johnson, Lawrie A. S. (1980). "Notes on Casuarinaceae". Telopea. (Online page archive version, link via APNI Gymnostoma ref's). 2 (1): 83–84. doi:10.7751/telopea19804114. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Gymnostoma%". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database (listing by % wildcard matching of all taxa relevant to Australia). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 15 Nov 2013.
^ ^a ^b Johnson, Lawrie A. S. (23 December 1982). "Notes on the Casuarinaceae II" (PDF). Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 6 (1): 73–87. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Johnson, Lawrie A. S. (1988). "Notes on Casuarinaceae III: The new genus Ceuthostoma". Telopea. (Online page archive version, link via APNI Ceuthostoma ref's). 3 (2): 133–137. doi:10.7751/telopea19884801. A synoptic key for the four genera of the family is given.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Jaffré, Tanguy; Gauthier, Daniel; Rigault, Frédéric; McCoy, Stéphane (1994). "Les Casuarinacées endémiques - Caractéristiques écologiques et nutritionnelles" [The Endemic Casuarinaceae (of New Caledonia) – Ecological and Nutritional Characteristics] (PDF). Bois et Forêts des Tropiques (in French and English) (242 New Caledonia Special). ORSOM (Nouvelle-Calédonie): 31–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
^ ^a ^b Govaerts R. "Gymnostoma L.A.S.Johnson". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ "Gymnostoma L.A.S.Johnson". Atlas of Living Australia.
^ F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Casuarinaceae". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "Gymnostoma". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
^ "The Plant List entry for Gymnostoma". The Plant List, v.1.1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Gymnostoma australianum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ Conn, Barry J. (2013) [2008+]. "Gymnostoma" (Online, from pngplants.org/PNGCensus). Census of Vascular Plants of Papua New Guinea. Retrieved 15 November 2013.