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Green parakeet; Temporal range: Pleistocene - Present
	Nominate subspecies in South Texas, United States
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittacidae
Genus:	Psittacara
Species:	P. holochlorus
Binomial name
	Psittacara holochlorus; (Sclater, PL, 1859)
	Range of green parakeet sensu lato including the Socorro and Pacific parakeets (See the Taxonomy section)

The green parakeet (Psittacara holochlorus), green conure, or Mexican green conure^[4] is a New World parrot. As defined by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), it is native to Mexico and southern Texas in the Rio Grande Valley.^[5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The green parakeet was for a time placed in the genus Aratinga as A. holochlora but from about 2013 has been in its present genus Psittacara.^[6]^[7]^[5] Its taxonomy is otherwise unsettled. The IOC assigns it two subspecies, the nominate P. h. holochlorus (Sclater, PL, 1859) and P. h. brewsteri (Nelson, 1928). The American Ornithological Society (AOS) and the Clements taxonomy add P. h. rubritorquis (Sclater, PL, 1887), which the IOC treats as a separate species, the red-throated parakeet. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World accepts rubritorquis as a species but includes P. h. brevipes (Lawrence, 1871) and P. h. strenuus (Ridgway, 1915) as subspecies of the green parakeet. The IOC, AOS, and Clements treat those two taxa as separate species, the Socorro parakeet and Pacific parakeet respectively.^[5]^[8]^[9]^[10]

The IOC two-subspecies model is more documented.

Description

The green parakeet is 28 to 30.5 cm (11 to 12 in) long and weighs about 230 g (8.1 oz). The sexes are alike. Adults of both subspecies are generally green that is paler and yellower on their underparts. Their cheeks and throat have variable amounts of red speckles. Their underwing coverts are yellowish green and the undersides of their flight feathers and tail are olive-yellow. Their iris is orange-red surrounded by bare pale beige skin, their bill horn colored, and their legs and feet brownish. The subspecies P. h. brewsteri is overall somewhat darker than the nominate and has a slight glaucous cast on its head.^[11]

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of the green parakeet is native in eastern Mexico from Nuevo León and Tamaulipas south to Veracruz. The subspecies P. h. brewsteri is in the northwestern Mexican states of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua.^[11] In the United States, the species is established in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas; that sub-population's origin is unknown but could be derived from introduced individuals or by natural dispersion.^[8]^[12]^[13] Sightings in California, Florida, and New Mexico are believed to be of escaped or released cage birds and the species is not on those states' lists.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

In its native range, the green parakeet inhabits semi-open landscapes including deciduous woodland, gallery forest, and scrublands. It shuns humid lowland forest and is typically found at elevations between 500 and 2,000 m (1,600 and 6,600 ft). In Texas it is also found in cities and towns.^[11]

Behavior

The green parakeet is non-migratory but makes local movements in response to food availability.^[11]

Its diet has not been fully documented but is known to include seed and fruits. It can be a crop pest.^[11]

The breeding season has not been defined but appears to include at least January to April. It nests in tree cavities, caves, and cliff faces. The clutch size is four eggs. The incubation period is thought to be 23 days; the time to fledging and details of parental care are not known.^[11]

Songs and calls

Listen to green parakeet on xeno-canto

Its variety of vocalizations include "sharp squeaky notes", "loud harsh calls", and "shrill noisy chattering". Its flight call is "a rolling, harsh and high pitched screek...screek."^[11]

Status

The IUCN follows the HBW taxonomy and so includes the Socorro and Pacific parakeets in its assessment of the green parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has estimated that the combined population numbers about 200,000 mature individuals and is decreasing. No immediate threats to the Mexican population have been identified.^[2] NatureServe considers the species Vulnerable in Texas due to hunting pressure.^[18]

References

^ "Fossilworks: Psittacara maugei". Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2018). "Green Parakeet Psittacara holochlorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62296899A132190435. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T62296899A132190435.en. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
^ "GREEN CONURE (Psittacara holochlorus)". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
^ R. Terry Chesser, Kevin J. Burns, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., Douglas F. Stotz, and Kevin Winker. "Fifty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk 2019, vol. 136:1-23 retrieved April 5, 2023
^ Remsen, James V.; Urantówka, Adam (2013). "Divide Aratinga into four genera". AOS South American Classification Committee. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa Archived 2020-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
^ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Eitniear, J. C., N. Collar, C. J. Sharpe, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Green Parakeet (Psittacara holochlorus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grnpar.01 retrieved April 5, 2023
^ "Texas State List". Texas Bird Records Committee of the Texas Ornithological Society. January 1, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
^ Uehling, Jennifer J.; Tallant, Jason; Pruett-Jones, Stephen (2019). "Status of naturalized parrots in the United States". Journal of Ornithology. 2019 (1–15): 907–921. doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01658-7. S2CID 145912200.
^ "Green Parakeet eBird species map". eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
^ "Official California Checklist". California Bird Records Committee. February 4, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
^ "Official Florida State Bird List". Florida Ornithological Society. November 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
^ Sartor O. Williams III (August 16, 2022). "Checklist of New Mexico Bird Species". New Mexico Bird Records Committee. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved April 6, 2023.