Green League

This article is about the Finnish political party. For the university ranking index, see The People & Planet Green League.

Green League
Vihreä liitto (Finnish)
Grönä förbundet (Swedish)
Ruoná lihttu (Northern Sami)
Ruánáá litto (Inari Sami)
Ruânn lett (Skolt Sami)
AbbreviationVihr
ChairpersonSofia Virta
SecretaryAnna Moring [fi]
General SecretaryTiina Kivinen [fi]
Parliamentary group leaderAtte Harjanne
First deputy chairOras Tynkkynen
Founded28 February 1987; 37 years ago (1987-02-28)
Legalised1988; 36 years ago (1988)
HeadquartersMannerheimintie 15b A, 00260 Helsinki
Women's wingVihreät Naiset [fi]
Youth and student wingFederation of Green Youth and Students
Membership (2023)Decrease 8,079[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left
European affiliationEuropean Green Party
European Parliament groupGreens–European Free Alliance
International affiliationGlobal Greens
Nordic affiliationCentre Group
Colors  Dark green
SloganNeljän vuodenajan puolesta (For the four seasons)
Eduskunta
13 / 200
European Parliament
2 / 15
Municipalities
433 / 8,859
County seats
90 / 1,379
Website
vihreat.fi
Part of a series on
Green politics
Sunflower symbol
Core topics
Four pillars
Perspectives
Organizations
Related topics

The Green League, (Finnish: Vihreä liitto [ˈʋihreæ ˈliːtːo], Vihr; Swedish: Gröna förbundet [ˈɡrøːnɑ fœrˈbʉndet]; Northern Sami: Ruoná lihttu; Inari Sami: Ruánáá litto; Skolt Sami: Ruânn lett) shortened to the Greens, (Finnish: Vihreät; Swedish: de Gröna)[2] is a green political party in Finland.[3][4][5] Ideologically, the Green League is positioned on the centre-left of the political spectrum.[6][7][8] It is a reformist party and it is supportive of feminism, animal rights and green liberal ideas.[9]

Originally split on whether Finland should join the European Union, the Green League decided on being pro-European, it was also the first Finnish party in favor of the federalisation of the European Union.[10][11] The Green League is among the midsized political parties in Finland. The Greens hold thirteen of the 200 seats in the Finnish Parliament and two of Finland's 15 European Parliament seats. The party is a member of the Global Greens and the European Green Party; its MEPs sit in the Greens–European Free Alliance group in the European Parliament.

Founded in 1987, the party absorbed a number of green organizations and their members, electing its first MPs in 1987. The party won ten seats in the 1991 election. Despite small losses in the 1995 election, Pekka Haavisto joined Paavo Lipponen's first cabinet, which was composed of a "rainbow" coalition. This made the Green League the first green party to form part of a national cabinet. The party remained in government until 2002 when it resigned in opposition to nuclear power. The party slowly rose in popularity between 1995 and 2007, when winning a total of 15 seats, and joined the center-right-led government. In the 2011 election, the party suffered significant losses, falling to ten seats, but remained in government. In 2015, the party recovered its losses from 2011, returning to 15 seats. In the 2019 election, the party achieved by far its best-ever result, winning 20 seats and 11.5% of the vote. They became the fifth-largest party and became the third-largest member of the Social Democratic-led government.

In the 2017 municipal elections, the Green League was the fourth biggest party with 534 seats. They gained 211 more seats from 2012 elections. Since June 2023, the party's leader and chairman has been Sofia Virta.[12] From 2015 to 2019, the party was in opposition and provided harsh criticism regarding the actions of the conservative Sipilä Cabinet, such as financial support for economically well-off companies, Fortum's purchase of Uniper, and the expedited process of constitution-changing surveillance laws.[13][14][15]

History

Founding

The Green League was founded on 28 February 1987 and was registered as a political party the next year. Political activity had begun already in the early 1980s, when environmental activists, feminists, disillusioned young politicians from the marginalized Liberal People's Party and other active groups began to campaign on green issues in Finland. In 1995, it was the first European green party to be part of a state-level cabinet.

The party was founded as a popular movement, which explains its name's descriptor liitto, "league". Initially, there was much resistance within the movement against the founding of a political party, motivated by Robert Michels' iron law of oligarchy, which claims that movements inevitably degenerate into oligarchies when they create a formal organization.[16] The party still especially stresses openness and democratic decision-making. Even though liitto has been dropped from the party's website and advertisements, the word still remains in the official name.

Early activities (1983–1994)

The first two parliamentary representatives were elected even before the registration, in the 1983 parliamentary election. These were the first independent representatives in the Finnish Parliament. In 1987 the number of seats rose to four, and in 1991 to ten.

About half of the party's members were against Finland joining the European Union in 1994. Later, polls showed that most Greens were anti-Eurozone.[17] The party heads declined to fight against euro adoption.

As part of the Lipponen Cabinets (1995–2003)

In the 1995 election, the Green League received a total of nine seats out of 200. The party joined the coalition cabinet led by the Social Democratic Party, and Pekka Haavisto became the Minister of the Environment,[18] thus becoming the first green minister in Europe.[19]

The Green League received 7.3% of the vote, and gained two additional seats in the 1999 election, raising the total to 11. The Greens continued in the next coalition cabinet, but resigned in protest on 26 May 2002, after the cabinet's decision to allow the construction of a new nuclear plant was accepted by Parliament.

Growth to mainstream appeal (2003–present)

In 2003, the Green League received 8.0% of the vote, receiving a total of 14 seats. They increased their seats to 15 in the 2007 election while receiving 8.5% of the vote. In the 2011 election, the party lost five seats.

In the 2009 European Parliament elections, the Greens gained two of the thirteen Finnish seats in the European Parliament, which were occupied by Satu Hassi and Heidi Hautala.

At the municipal level, the Greens are an important force in the politics of the main cities of Finland. In the municipal election of 2008 the Greens received 8.9% of the vote; the vote share was considerably higher in Helsinki, where the Greens became the second-largest party with 23.2% of the vote.[20] In several other cities, the Greens achieved the position of the third-largest party. The Greens are weaker in rural area and especially in municipalities that experience high levels of outward migration.

By the 2017 Green League party congress, Niinistö had served three full two-year terms as the chairman and stepped down according to the rules of the party. In the following leadership election, there were six candidates running for party chairman, of whom MP Touko Aalto won the election.[21]

Soon after Aalto's election, the popularity of the Green League surged in the polls and raised briefly as the second most popular party in the country.[22] However, in September 2017 the poll numbers turned into a downward slope, which continued until autumn 2018.[23] After taking a month of sick leave due to exhaustion in September 2018, Aalto soon announced that he was resigning from his post, citing depression and fatigue.[24]

In November 2018, the Green League decided to choose a temporary chairman to lead the party into the 2019 parliamentary elections and until the next party convention. In the leadership election, former chairman Pekka Haavisto was once again elected as chairman.[25]

In June 2019, Haavisto stepped down as the chairman of the party. Maria Ohisalo was the only candidate in the leadership election and was thus elected as chairman in the city of Pori.[26]

In the 2023 parliamentary election, Ohisalo was re-elected with 6,937 votes.[27] However, as the Greens suffered an election defeat, Ohisalo announced that she would not seek another term as chairman. In June 2023, she was replaced by Sofia Virta.[28]

Ideology and policies

An election canvassing tent for the Greens on Iso Roobertinkatu in Helsinki in 2011.
Members of the Finnish Green League party at the Helsinki Pride 2023 parade.

The Green League is no longer a protest party, nor an alternative movement. Some Green candidates reject classifying the party as either left-wing or right-wing. Economic opinions of the members range between left and right.[16] However, members of the party on average place their party left of the Social Democratic Party and right of the Left Alliance.[29]

The party is one of the strongest proponents for same-sex marriage. The party is also distinct in its opposition against universal male conscription and wants to opt for a gender-neutral, selective version. The eventual goal of the Greens is voluntary military service.

In 2015, the party included universal basic income (UBI) as a proposal in their platform.[30] In February 2019, the party announced that it wanted to introduce a €300 universal basic income in the 2019 to 2023 parliamentary term, before transitioning to a €600 tax-free UBI during the following 2023 to 2027 parliamentary term.[31]

In the spring of 2018, the party proposed lowering the voting age to 15.[32]

The party stated in December 2018 that it supports investing €10 billion in Finland's railway infrastructure and improving rail connections in the country, including building high-speed rail connections.[33]

In September 2021, the party voted to pass an internal motion supporting the legalisation and regulation of cannabis in Finland. It thus became the first party in Finland's Parliament to publicly state support for cannabis being legalised in the country.[34][35][36]

Election results

Parliamentary elections

Election Votes % Seats +/- Government
1983 43,754 1.47
2 / 200
 Opposition
1987 115,988 4.03
4 / 200
 Increase 2 Opposition
1991 185,894 6.82
10 / 200
 Increase 6 Opposition
1995 181,198 6.52
9 / 200
 Decrease 1 Coalition
1999 194,846 7.27
11 / 200
 Increase 2 Coalition (1999–2002)
Opposition (2002–2003)
2003 223,846 8.01
14 / 200
 Increase 3 Opposition
2007 234,429 8.46
15 / 200
 Increase 1 Coalition
2011 213,172 7.25
10 / 200
 Decrease 5 Coalition (2011–2014)
Opposition (2014–2015)
2015 253,102 8.53
15 / 200
 Increase 5 Opposition
2019 354,194 11.49
20 / 200
 Increase 5 Coalition
2023 217,426 7.03
13 / 200
 Decrease 7 Opposition

Municipal elections

Election Councillors Votes %
1984 101 76,441 2.8
1988 94 61,581 2.3
1992 343 184,787 6.9
1996 292 149,334 6.3
2000 338 171,707 7.7
2004 313 175,933 7.4
2008 370 228,277 8.9
2012 323 213,100 8.5
2017 534 320,235 12.5
2021 433 259,104 10.6

European Parliament elections

Election Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
1996 170,670 7.59 (#5)
1 / 16
 New G
1999 166,786 13.43 (#4)
2 / 16
 Increase 1 G/EFA
2004 172,844 10.43 (#4)
1 / 14
 Decrease 1
2009 206,439 12.40 (#4)
2 / 13
 Increase 1
2014 160,967 9.33 (#5)
1 / 13
 Decrease 1
2019 292,892 16.00 (#2)
3 / 14
 Increase 2
2024 206,332 11.28 (#5)
2 / 15
 Decrease 1

Presidential elections

Parliamentarian and former MEP Heidi Hautala was a candidate in the presidential elections in 2000 and 2006, taking approximately a 3.5% share of votes in the first round in each. Pekka Haavisto was the first Green candidate in the 2012 election to enter the second round. Haavisto got an 18.8% share of votes in the first round, and lost to centre-right Sauli Niinistö in the second round held on 5 February.

Election Candidate 1st round 2nd round Result
Votes % Votes %
2000 Heidi Hautala 100,740 3.29 (#5) Lost
2006 Heidi Hautala 105,248 3.49 (#4) Lost
2012 Pekka Haavisto 574,275 18.76 (#2) 1,077,425 37.41 (#2) Lost
2018 Pekka Haavisto 370,823 12.40 (#2) Lost
2024 Pekka Haavisto[a] 836,357 25.80 (#2) 1,476,548 48.38 (#2) Lost
  1. ^ Formally ran as independent.

Politicians

List of party chairpersons

Members of the Eduskunta from 2019–2023

The following 20 Greens politicians were elected to the Finnish Parliament in the 2019 parliamentary election. 16 out of 20 members are first-timers. 17 of the members are women.[37]

Current members of the European Parliament

Since 2024, the Green League has been represented by two MEPs in the European Parliament.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Yli 4 700 vihreää antoi äänensä puheenjohtajavaalissa", Helsingin Sanomat, 8 June, 2023
  2. ^ "Yle party poll: Centre recovers as Greens, Finns Party falter". Yle Uutiset. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  3. ^ "Political Programme of the Greens between 2023 and 2027". The Green Party of Finland. 2023.
  4. ^ Claire Annesley (11 January 2013). Political and Economic Dictionary of Western Europe. Routledge. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-1-135-35547-0.
  5. ^ Daniele Caramani (29 March 2004). The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–. ISBN 978-0-521-53520-5.
  6. ^ Jan-Erik Lane; Svante Errson (2008). "The Nordic Countries: Compromise and Corporatism in the Welfare State". In Josep M. Colomer (ed.). Comparative European Politics: Third Edition. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2.
  7. ^ "Election briefing No 32, Europe and the Finnish parliamentary elections of March 2007". European Parties Elections and Referendums Network. 2007.
  8. ^ "Finland". Europe Elects. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  9. ^ "Finland's largest political parties". European Parliament Information. 2014.
  10. ^ Raunio, Tapio; Tiilikainen, Teija (2003). Finland in the European Union. London: Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7146-5375-4.
  11. ^ Raunio, Tapio; Tiilikainen, Teija (2003). Finland in the European Union. London: Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7146-5375-4.
  12. ^ Eduskunta profile
  13. ^ "Nyt on oikea aika uudistaa perhevapaat ja yritystuet". Vihreät - De Gröna (in Finnish). 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  14. ^ "Fortumin Uniper-kauppa vesittää puhtaat lupaukset". Vihreät - De Gröna (in Finnish). 9 October 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  15. ^ "Perustelut tiedustelulain kiirehtimiselle puuttuvat". Vihreät - De Gröna (in Finnish). 31 January 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  16. ^ a b Rauli Mickelsson. Suomen puolueet - Historia, muutos ja nykypäivä. Vastapaino 2007, 429 pages.
  17. ^ "4.2 Suomi Euroopan Unionissa".
  18. ^ "Composition of a certain government, 66. Lipponen". Valtioneuvosto. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  19. ^ "Who is Pekka Haavisto? | Haavisto 2012 | nro. 2". 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  20. ^ "Vaalit 2008 tulospalvelu - Helsinki - Puolueiden kannatus" (in Finnish). Yle.fi. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  21. ^ "Touko Aalto vihreiden puheenjohtajaksi" (in Finnish). Vihreät. 17 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  22. ^ "Vihreät nousi toiseksi suurimmaksi puolueeksi ja sai parin kuukauden aikana 80 000 uutta äänestäjää – Puheenjohtaja Aalto: "Isoa liikehdintää tapahtuu"". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 28 August 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  23. ^ "Touko Aallon 494 päivää vihreiden puheenjohtajana – pääministeripuheista syöksykierteeseen". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). 24 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  24. ^ "Greens chair Touko Aalto steps down: "I need more time for recovery"". Yle. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  25. ^ "Pekka Haavisto valittiin vihreiden johtoon murskaäänin 40–1 – puolueella on Touko Aallon uupumisen myötä "peiliin katsomisen paikka"". Yle. 4 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  26. ^ "Maria Ohisalo – parissa kuukaudessa ensin kansanedustajaksi, sitten ministeriksi ja nyt vihreiden puheenjohtajaksi". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  27. ^ "Parliamentary Elections 2023: Electoral district of Helsinki". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  28. ^ "Sofia Virrasta vihreiden uusi puheenjohtaja, myös muu puoluejohto uusiksi". Helsingin Sanomat. 10 June 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  29. ^ Elo, Kimmo – Rapeli, Lauri (2008): Suomalaisten politiikkatietämys. Archived 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine Oikeusministeriön julkaisuja 2008:6.
  30. ^ "Vihreät haluaa 560 euron perustulon kaikille". Kaleva.fi. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  31. ^ "Green League would introduce a €600 universal basic income by 2027". Helsinki Times. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  32. ^ "Vihreiden puoluehallitus: Äänestysikäraja laskettava 15 vuoteen". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). 27 May 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  33. ^ Teivainen, Aleksi (14 December 2018). "Green League: Finland should invest €10bn in railway infrastructure". Helsinki Times. Uusi Suomi. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  34. ^ Teivainen, Aleksi (14 September 2021). "Green League faces opposition for motion to legalise cannabis". Helsinki Times. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  35. ^ "Green Party in Finland Calls for End of Prohibition". High Times. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  36. ^ Verhelst, Koen (1 October 2022). "Party in Finland's ruling coalition backs legalising cannabis". Euronews. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  37. ^ "Eduskuntavaalit 2015". Yle. Retrieved 22 April 2015.

Read other articles:

20th Century Women

20th Century WomenPoster bioskopSutradaraMike MillsProduser Anne Carey Megan Ellison Youree Henley Ditulis olehMike MillsPemeran Annette Bening Elle Fanning Greta Gerwig Lucas Jade Zumann Billy Crudup Penata musikRoger NeillSinematograferSean PorterPenyuntingLeslie JonesPerusahaanproduksi Annapurna Pictures Archer Gray Modern People DistributorA24Tanggal rilis 08 Oktober 2016 (2016-10-08) (Festival Film New York) 28 Desember 2016 (2016-12-28) (Amerika Serikat) Durasi11...

 

Daftar Wakil Gubernur Kalimantan Utara

Wakil Gubernur Kalimantan UtaraLambang provinsiPetahanaYansen Tipa Padansejak 15 Februari 2021KediamanRumah Dinas Wakil Gubernur Kalimantan UtaraMasa jabatan5 tahunDibentuk12 Februari 2016; 8 tahun lalu (2016-02-12)Pejabat pertamaUdin HianggioSitus webSitus web resmi Gubernur Kalimantan Utara dibantu oleh wakil gubernur dalam menjalankan tugas pemerintahan. Wakil Gubernur Kalimantan Utara dipilih berdasarkan hasil pemilihan umum kepala daerah yang dilaksanakan setiap lima tahun seka...

 

العلاقات التشادية الجنوب سودانية

العلاقات التشادية الجنوب سودانية تشاد جنوب السودان   تشاد   جنوب السودان تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات التشادية الجنوب سودانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين تشاد وجنوب السودان.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للد...

Princeton, New Jersey

Nassau Street, salah satu jalanan utama di Princeton Princeton adalah sebuah kota di negara bagian New Jersey, Amerika Serikat. Terletak di Mercer County, di tengah-barat negara bagian ini, masuk daerah administratif Borough of Princeton (4,8 km²., 14.203 penduduk pada tahun 2000) dan Princeton Township (43 km²., 16.027 penduduk pada tahun 2000). Kota ini terkenal sebagai kota pelajar, karena berbagai perguruan tinggi, seperti Princeton Theological Seminary, Westminster Choir Coll...

 

1998 California State Assembly election

1998 California State Assembly election ← 1996 November 3, 1998 (1998-11-03) 2000 → All 80 seats in the California State Assembly41 seats needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Antonio Villaraigosa Bill Leonard (retired as leader) Party Democratic Republican Leader's seat 45th–Los Angeles 63rd–San Bernardino Last election 43 37 Seats won 48 32 Seat change 5 5 Popular vote 4,106,175 3,494,503 P...

 

Leonforte

Leonfortecomune Leonforte – VedutaPanorama della città di Leonforte LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Sicilia Libero consorzio comunale Enna AmministrazioneSindacoPiero Livolsi (lista civica di centro-sinistra) dal 29-5-2023 TerritorioCoordinate37°39′N 14°24′E / 37.65°N 14.4°E37.65; 14.4Coordinate: 37°39′N 14°24′E / 37.65°N 14.4°E37.65; 14.4 Altitudine603 m s.l.m. Superficie84,39 km² Abitanti12 369 ...

WMMS

Rock radio station in Cleveland For the Bath, Maine, radio station which identified as WMMS from 1957 to 1964, see WJTO. WMMSCleveland, Ohio, U.S.United StatesBroadcast areaGreater ClevelandNortheast OhioFrequency100.7 MHz (HD Radio)Branding100.7 WMMS: The BuzzardProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatActive rock and hot talkSubchannelsHD2: BIN 99.1 (All-news radio)AffiliationsCavaliers AudioVerseCleveland GuardiansWOIOOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsWAKS (HD2)WARFWGAR-...

 

1737 en musique classique

Chronologies Données clés 1734 1735 1736  1737  1738 1739 1740Décennies :1700 1710 1720  1730  1740 1750 1760Siècles :XVIe XVIIe  XVIIIe  XIXe XXeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies thématiques Art Architecture, Arts plastiques (Dessin, Gravure, Peinture et Sculpture), Genres (), Littérature (), Musique (Classique) et Théâtre   Ingénierie (), Architecture et ()   Politique Droit   Religion (,)   Sc...

 

Battle of Sviatohirsk

Battle in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2023) Battle of SviatohirskPart of the eastern Ukraine offensive's battle of Donbas in the 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineRussian weaponry destroyed following the Ukrainian recapture of SviatohirskDate30 May – 8 June 2022 (1 week and 2&#...

Kamatero

Municipal unit in GreeceKamatero ΚαματερόMunicipal unit SealKamateroLocation within West Athens regional unit Coordinates: 38°3.583′N 23°42.717′E / 38.059717°N 23.711950°E / 38.059717; 23.711950CountryGreeceAdministrative regionAtticaRegional unitWest AthensMunicipalityAgioi Anargyroi-KamateroArea • Municipal unit5.950 km2 (2.297 sq mi)Elevation160 m (520 ft)Population (2021)[1] • Municipal ...

 

Museo de Pontevedra

Museo de Pontevedra Bien de interés cultural Entrada al museo UbicaciónPaís España EspañaComunidad Galicia GaliciaProvincia Pontevedra PontevedraDirección Pasantería, 2-12 36002Coordenadas 42°25′57″N 8°38′35″O / 42.4325, -8.6430555555556Tipo y coleccionesSuperficie 10 000 m²Historia y gestiónCreación 30 de diciembre de 1927Inauguración 10 de agosto de 1929Información del edificioConstrucción 30 de diciembre de 1927Arquitecto Celestino Garc...

 

Ahmed II

Ahmed IISultano dell'Impero ottomanoIn carica22 giugno 1691 –6 febbraio 1695 PredecessoreSolimano II SuccessoreMustafa II TrattamentoPadiscià Altri titoliCaliffo dell'IslamAmir al-Mu'mininCustode delle due Sacre MoscheeQaysar-ı Rum (Cesare dei Romei) NascitaPalazzo di Topkapı, 25 febbraio 1643 MorteEdirne, 6 febbraio 1695 (51 anni) Luogo di sepolturaMoschea di Solimano, Istanbul DinastiaOttomana PadreIbrahim I MadreMuazzez Sultan ConsorteRabia SultanŞayeste Hatun FigliŞ...

Большой Кадильный

Мыс Большой Кадильный Расположение 51°54′55″ с. ш. 105°13′20″ в. д.HGЯO АкваторияБайкал Страна Россия Субъект РФИркутская область Мыс Большой Кадильный Мыс Большой Кадильный Мыс Большо́й Кади́льный — мыс на юго-западном побережье Байкала в Иркутском районе Ирк�...

 

1998 UCLA Bruins football team

American college football season 1998 UCLA Bruins footballPac-10 championRose Bowl, L 31–38 vs. WisconsinConferencePacific-10 ConferenceRankingCoachesNo. 8APNo. 8Record10–2 (8–0 Pac-10)Head coachBob Toledo (3rd season)Offensive coordinatorAl Borges (3rd season)Defensive coordinatorNick Aliotti (1st season)Home stadiumRose Bowl(Capacity: 98,636)Seasons← 19971999 → 1998 Pacific-10 Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team  ...

 

ヨハネス12世 (ローマ教皇)

ヨハネス12世 第130代 ローマ教皇 教皇就任 955年12月16日教皇離任 964年5月14日先代 アガペトゥス2世次代 レオ8世個人情報出生 937年スポレート公国（中部イタリア）スポレート死去 964年5月14日 教皇領、ローマ原国籍 スポレート公国親 父アルベリーコ2世（スポレート公）、母アルダその他のヨハネステンプレートを表示 ヨハネス12世（Ioannes XII、937年 - 964年5月14日）は、ロ...

Social class in the United Kingdom

Social structure of British society The social structure of the United Kingdom has historically been highly influenced by the concept of social class, which continues to affect British society today.[1][2] British society, like its European neighbours and most societies in world history, was traditionally (before the Industrial Revolution) divided hierarchically within a system that involved the hereditary transmission of occupation, social status and political influence.[...

 

List of United States Air Force lieutenant generals from 2010 to 2019

Flag of an Air Forcelieutenant general This is a list of lieutenant generals in the United States Air Force from 2010 to 2019. The rank of lieutenant general (or three-star general) is the second-highest rank normally achievable in the U.S. Air Force, and the first to have a specified number of appointments set by statute. It ranks above major general (two-star general) and below general (four-star general). There have been 131 lieutenant generals in the U.S. Air Force from 2010 to 2019, 33 ...

 

Westar 1

American communications satellite launched in 1974 Delta 2914 rocket with Westar satellite at Cape Canaveral (April 1974) Westar 1 was America's first domestic and commercially launched geostationary communications satellite, launched by Western Union (WU) and NASA on April 13, 1974. It was built by Hughes for Western Union, using the HS-333 platform of spin-stabilized satellites.[1] It operated until May 1983.[2] Mission Westar 1 was the first of five Westar satellites launch...

Guercino

Guercino BiografiKelahiran8 Februari 1591 Cento Kematian22 Desember 1666 (75 tahun)Bologna Data pribadiNama samaranGuercino Il Guercino Guerchin KegiatanSpesialisasiSeni lukis Pekerjaanpelukis, perancang, penggambar, seniman visual GenrePotret dan religious painting (en) AliranBarok Murid dariBenedetto Gennari MuridDomenico Maria Canuti (en) Karya kreatifKarya terkenal(1618) Et in Arcadia ego (en) (1620 dekade) Landscape with bathing women (en) (1623) The Burial of Saint Petronill...

 

La Rinconada, Peru

Koordinat: 14°37′54″S 69°26′47″W / 14.63167°S 69.44639°W / -14.63167; -69.44639 La Rinconada. La Rinconada adalah kota yang terletak di Distrik Ananea, Provinsi San Antonio de Putina, Peru. Kota ini berada di dekat tambang emas.[1] Bersama dengan kota Wenzhuan di Cina, La Rinconada dianggap sebagai salah satu kota dengan ketinggian tertinggi di dunia, dengan ketinggian sebesar 5.100 m di atas permukaan laut. Dari tahun 2001 hingga 2009, kota ini men...