Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Che fece per viltade il gran rifiuto]]; see its history for attribution.
{{Translated|it|Che fece per viltade il gran rifiuto}}
The great refusal (Italian: il gran rifiuto) is the error attributed in Dante's Inferno to one of the souls found trapped aimlessly at the Vestibule of Hell.[1][2] The phrase is usually believed to refer to Pope Celestine V and his laying down of the papacy on the grounds of age, though it is occasionally taken as referring to Esau, Diocletian, or Pontius Pilate, with some arguing that Dante would not have condemned a canonized saint.[a][3] Dante may have deliberately conflated some or all of these figures in the unnamed shade.[citation needed]
Poscia ch’io v’ebbi alcun riconosciuto, vidi e conobbi l’ombra di colui che fece per viltade il gran rifiuto.
After I had identified a few, I saw and recognized the shade of him who made, through cowardice, the great refusal.
Though Dante's view that one could be insufficiently evil for Hell has been described by some scholars as "theologically dubious",[4] behind Dante's adverse judgement of Celestine was the Thomist concept of recusatio tensionis, the unworthy refusal of a task that is within one's natural powers.[5]: 42
Petrarch disagreed with Dante's appraisal. He believed that Celestine's adoption of the contemplative life was a virtuous act.[5]: 44 It was an early modern instance of the tension between lives of action and contemplation: the vita activa and the vita contemplativa.[6]
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