From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565 to 1821, the governor and captain-general was appointed by the viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the monarch of Spain to govern the Captaincy General of the Philippines. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Real Audiencia in Manila appointed a temporary governor from among its members.
After Mexico won its independence in 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.
After the Spanish defeat at the Battle of Manila in 1762, the Philippines was briefly governed simultaneously by two Governors-General, one of the Spanish Empire and one of the British Empire.
Great Britain shortly occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War, while the Spanish Governor-General set up a provisional government in Bacolor, Pampanga to continue administering the rest of the archipelago.
After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Spanish Crown.
The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on August 13, 1898.[2] On August 14, 1898, the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins.[2] General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule.[2]
During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.
On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft.[7] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.[8] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.[6] Chaffee remained commander of the Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.[9]
After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointed Secretary of War and he secured for his successor the adoption by Congress[10] of the title Governor-General of the Philippine Islands thereby "reviving the high designation used during the last period of Spanish rule and placing the office on a parity of dignity with that of other colonial empires of first importance".[2] The term "insular" (from insula, the Latin word for island)[11] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas were under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.[12][13]
On October 29, 1901, the position of Vice-Governor was created. The Vice-Governor was appointed by the President of the United States to act as the Governor-General (known at that time as the Civil Governor) in case of illness or temporary absence.[15]
^Act of Congress of February 6, 1905, entitled: "An Act To amend an Act approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," and to amend an Act approved March eighth, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide revenue for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes" and to amend an Act March second, nineteen hundred and three, entitled "An Act to establish a standard of value and to provide for a coinage system in the Philippine Islands," and to provide for the more efficient administration of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." Section 8 thereof provided that "the civil governor of the Philippine Islands shall hereafter be known as the governor-general of the Philippine Islands.
^Annual Report of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1901. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1901. p. 64.
^ abcdeElliot, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines to the End of the Commission Government: A Study in Tropical Democracy. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 509.
^Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War (1917-1919): Zone of the Interior, Volume 3, Part 1. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1949. p. 229.
^Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, 1922. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1922. p. 2.
^Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Herbert Hoover: 1930. Government Printing Office. 1976.
^Annual Report of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands, 1930. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1932. p. 65.
^Annual Report of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands 1932. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1934. p. 99.
^Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs 1934. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1934. p. 6.
1982 video by Earth, Wind & FireEarth, Wind & Fire: In ConcertVideo by Earth, Wind & FireReleased1982Recorded1981Length60 min.LabelVestron, Eagle Rock EntertainmentDirectorMichael SchultzEarth, Wind & Fire chronology Earth, Wind & Fire: In Concert(1982) The Eternal Vision(1992) Earth, Wind & Fire: In Concert is a concert by the band Earth, Wind & Fire that was issued on video. [1][2] The concert rose to No. 40 on the Billboard Top Music Vide...
العيد الوطني العيد الوطني لدولة الكويت علم دولة الكويت يسمى أيضًا العيد الوطني الكويتي يحتفل به الكويتيون نوعه وطني أهميته ذكرى استقلال الكويت عن المملكة المتحدة تاريخه 19 يونيو من كل عام ما بين 1962-196425 فبراير من كل عام منذ 1965 (منذ 58 سنة) الاحتفالات عطلة رسمية متعلق بـ استقلال
4071 РостовдонВідкриттяВідкривач Карачкіна Людмила ГеоргіївнаМісце відкриття КрАОДата відкриття 7 вересня 1981ПозначенняНазвана на честь Ростов-на-ДонуТимчасові позначення 1981 RD2 1976 YL 1987 SF1Категорія малої планети Астероїд головного поясуОрбітальні характеристики[1] Еп
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