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The powers and structure of the provincial Government of Manitoba (French: Gouvernement du Manitoba) are set out in the Constitution Act, 1867.

In modern Canadian use, the term "government" refers broadly to the cabinet of the day (formally the Executive Council), elected from the Legislative Assembly and the non-political staff within each provincial department or agency – that is, the civil service.

The Province of Manitoba has a unicameral legislature, the Manitoba Legislature, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, which operates in framework of a Westminster-style parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The political party that wins the largest number of seats in the legislature normally forms the government, and the party's leader becomes premier of the province, i.e., the head of the government.

The functions of the Sovereign, Charles III, King of Canada, known in Manitoba as the King in Right of Manitoba, are exercised by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba. The Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, in consultation with the Premier of Manitoba.

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