Gobisaurus

Gobisaurus
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, ~Aptian–Albian[1]
Speculative life restoration
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: †Ornithischia
Clade: †Thyreophora
Clade: †Ankylosauria
Family: †Ankylosauridae
Genus: †Gobisaurus
Vickaryous et al., 2001
Species:
†G. domoculus
Binomial name
†Gobisaurus domoculus
Vickaryous et al., 2001
Synonyms

Gobisaurus is an extinct genus of herbivorous basal ankylosaurid ankylosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China (Nei Mongol Zizhiqu). The genus is monotypic, containing only the species Gobisaurus domoculus.[2]

Discovery and naming

The Sino-Soviet Expeditions (1959–1960) discovered an ankylosaurian skeleton in the Gobi Desert of Inner Mongolia near Moartu, in the region of the Alashan Desert. The find was largely neglected until fossils were selected for a travelling exhibition touring the globe between 1990 and 1997, in the context of the China-Canada Dinosaur Project. The postcranial skeleton could not be located but the skull was displayed, informally labelled "Gobisaurus", at the time a nomen nudum.

In 2001, Matthew K. Vickaryous, Anthony P. Russell, Philip John Currie and Zhao Xijin named and described the type species Gobisaurus domoculus. The generic name means "Gobi (Desert) lizard," referring to its provenance. The specific name means "hidden from view" in Latin, referring to its being overlooked for three decades.[3]

The holotype, IVPP V12563, was found in a layer of the Miaogou Formation (Maortu locality; originally interpreted as the nearby Ulansuhai Formation).[1] In 2001, an Aptian age was presumed but later studies indicate it dated from the younger Turonian. It consists of a skull and the as yet undescribed postcranial remains.[3]

In 2014, Victoria Arbour concluded that Zhongyuansaurus, the type specimen of which, HGM 41HIII-0002, includes extensive postcranial remains, was a possible junior synonym of Gobisaurus.[4]

Description

Skull of Gobisaurus

Gobisaurus is a large ankylosaurian. The skull measured 46 centimetres (18 in) in length and 45 centimetres (18 in) across.[2]

Gobisaurus domoculus shares many cranial similarities with Shamosaurus scutatus, including a rounded squamosal, short squamosal horns, low supraorbital bosses, large elliptical orbital fenestrae and external nares (oval eye sockets and nostrils), the cross-section of the eye sockets being about a fifth of skull length, a deltoid dorsal profile with a narrow rostrum (a narrow, kite-shaped, snout in top view), quadratojugal protuberances (cheek horns), and caudolaterally directed paroccipital processes (extensions of the rear skull pointing to behind and sideways). But the two taxa may be distinguished by differences in the length of the maxillary tooth row (26,6% instead of 40% of total skull length with Gobisaurus), an unfused basipterygoid-pterygoid process in Gobisaurus, the front of the pterygoid being in e vertical position, the presence on an elongate vomerine premaxillary process in Gobisaurus, and the presence of cranial sculpting in Shamosaurus, but not in Gobisaurus.[3][2] This latter difference was denied by Arbour who concluded that the degree of sculpting was roughly the same.[4]

The external nostrils had about 23% of skull length.[3]

The HGM 41HIII-0002 specimen preserves a tail club "handle": the vertebrae toward the end of the tail interlock tightly, making the end stiff. However, this specimen does not appear to have a tail club "knob", the bulbous osteoderms seen in derived ankylosaurids.[5]

Phylogeny

Gobisaurus was placed in the Ankylosauridae in 2001.[3] Vickaryous et al., 2004 found that a clade formed by Shamosaurus and Gobisaurus is "nested deep within the ankylosaurid lineage as the first successive outgroup to (the subfamily) Ankylosaurinae".[2]

Other analyses find a more basal position as the sister species of Shamosaurus. Concluding that Zhongyuansaurus was a probable junior synonym of Gobisaurus, Arbour considered it unnecessary to use the term Shamosaurinae for the clade including just Shamosaurus and Gobisaurus.[4]

Gobisaurus in a cladogram simplified from Zheng et al. (2018):[6]

Ankylosauridae

In phylogenetic analyses by Xing et al. (2024), Gobisaurus is recovered as a member of Shamosaurinae or as an ankylosaurid less derived than Shamosaurus. Below are two simplified cladograms from that study:[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Hao, Mingze; Li, Zhiyu; Wang, Zhili; Wang, Shuqiong; Ma, Feimin; Qinggele; King, J. Logan; Pei, Rui; Zhao, Qi; Xu, Xing (2024-10-24). "A new oviraptorosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Miaogou Formation of western Inner Mongolia, China". Cretaceous Research (in press): 106023. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106023.
  2. ^ a b c d Vickaryous M.K., Maryańska T., Weishampel D.B., 2004, "Ankylosauria". Chapter 17 in: Weishampel D.B., Dodson P., Osmólska H., editors. The Dinosauria. 2nd ed. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press. p. 363–392
  3. ^ a b c d e Matthew K. Vickaryous, Anthony P. Russell, Philip J. Currie, and Xi-Jin Zhao. 2001. "A new ankylosaurid (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of China, with comments on ankylosaurian relationships". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences/Revue canadienne des sciences de la Terre 38(12): 1767-1780 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/e01-051
  4. ^ a b c Arbour, Victoria Megan, 2014. Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs. Ph.D thesis, University of Alberta
  5. ^ Arbour, Victoria M.; Currie, Philip J. (October 2015). "Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features". Journal of Anatomy. 227 (4): 514–523. doi:10.1111/joa.12363. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 4580109. PMID 26332595.
  6. ^ Wenjie Zheng; Xingsheng Jin; Yoichi Azuma; Qiongying Wang; Kazunori Miyata; Xing Xu (2018). "The most basal ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Albian–Cenomanian of China, with implications for the evolution of the tail club". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): Article number 3711. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3711Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21924-7. PMC 5829254. PMID 29487376.
  7. ^ Xing, Lida; Niu, Kecheng; Mallon, Jordan; Miyashita, Tetsuto (2023). "A new armored dinosaur with double cheek horns from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern China". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 11. doi:10.18435/vamp29396. ISSN 2292-1389.