Various gymnastics apparatuses. Apparatuses shown include the horizontal (high) bar, the uneven bars, and still rings.
AA
Abbreviation for all-around.
AB
A scoring abbreviation for uneven bars, from the name asymmetric bars.
A-score
Under the current Code of Points, this score tallies the gymnast' counted skills, combinations and EGR. In theory, the A-score can be open-ended, depending on the skills the gymnast presents.
A discipline of gymnastics where partners work together to combine the tumbling and power of the floor exercise in artistic gymnastics with the flexibility and artistry of dance. Acrobatic gymnastics routines are performed on the floor apparatus.
All-around
A term in which a singular athlete competes (and scored in) on all four (women) or six (men) apparatus in a single continuous meet. This can be qualified individually as part of, or simultaneously during, a team competition, and/or in a completely separate singular continuous event termed 'Individual All-Around Finals'.
Amplitude
The range through which a body moves in the execution of a gymnastic skill,[1] including height, distance, and motion of joints.[2] The term encompasses external amplitude (movement of the body relative to the ground or apparatus) and internal amplitude (range though which body parts move in relation to each other).[3] Maximizing amplitude by performing with the greatest possible degree of height, extension, strength, and flexibility[4] creates a "larger than life," aesthetically pleasing and functionally sound movement.[1] Insufficient amplitude in elements is a technical error that receives a points deduction in the FIG men's Code of Points[5] and can be an execution or artistry deduction in the women's Code of Points.[6]
Arabian
Type of salto that starts out with a backward entry into a half twist that begins immediately after takeoff, and then continues into a front flip.
A skill in which the gymnast jump reaches for the floor and kicks over with their legs together at all times.
The balance beam
B-score
Under the current Code of Points, this score rates the gymnast's execution, form, artistry and technique. The judges take their deductions from the 10.0 base score.
Back-to-back tumbling
A series of skills in which the gymnast executes a tumbling pass from one corner of the mat to the other, rebounds, and performs another tumbling pass in the other direction without stopping. Notably performed by Oksana Omelianchik (URS), Daniela Silivaș (ROU) and Dominique Dawes (USA).
Balance
One of the three routines in acrobatic gymnastics, highlighted by static hold positions that demonstrate strength, agility and flexibility.
A gymnastics apparatus used by women in artistic gymnastics. It is a 4-inch-wide (100 mm) platform upon which gymnasts perform tumbling and dance skills.
A gymnastics apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics. The ball rests in the gymnast's hands, is balanced on the body, and is thrown into the air and caught.
The maneuver where one moves sideways, from hands to feet, in a straight line (in the motion that the wheel of a cart would follow), while keeping the back, arms, and legs straight, and the feet pointed.
Different kinds of chalk used by the Japanese team at the Austrian Future Cup 2018.
Chalk
Carbonate of magnesia, used by gymnasts on their hands, feet and apparatus to make the surface of the equipment less slippery, or to mark lines on the mats.
Circle
A full circle with the legs together and both hands supporting the gymnast. One of the three basic swings on the Pommel Horse.
The document that regulates scoring of each discipline.
Combined
Presented only during acrobatic gymnastics finals, the Combined routine features the elements of both the Balance and the Dynamic (Tempo) routines.
Competition
Performance in front of a judge which the judge will then score and give points.
D
Derwael-Fenton
Release move on uneven bars: backward Stalder with counter straddle reverse hecht over the high bar with half (180 degree) turn to hang in mixed L-grip. Introduced by Belgian gymnast Nina Derwael and British gymnast Georgia-Mae Fenton.
Diamidov
Swing forward with 1/1 (360°) turn on one arm to handstand on parallel bars. Named after Sergey Diomidov.
Difficulty value
The difficulty of an element according to the Code of Points Table of Elements. Elements on all apparatuses except vault are rated on a difficulty scale from A (0.1 value) to J (1.0 value). The difficulty values of successfully performed elements are added to compositional requirements and connection points to calculate a gymnastic routine's D score.[7][8]
Dismount
The act of getting off an apparatus and the skill used to do it.
Dynamic
One of the three routines in acrobatic gymnastics, combining choreography with tumbling sequences and flight elements like throws.
Performed by a young gymnast at the Austrian Future Cup 2018
E
EGR
Abbreviation for element group requirements.
Element group requirements
Under the current Code of Points, the specific required skills, or skill families, a gymnast must show at some point in their routine on each event. For instance, on uneven bars, one of the EGRs is a release move. Currently, five EGR skills are required on every event.
Elite
The highest competitive level in gymnastics, or a gymnast who competes at the highest level. The term is used in the US, Australia, and some other nations, but is not universal.
Elementary gymnastics
The type of gymnastics that older gymnasts in training use. It helps them to understand the elements and way of gymnastics.
A fusion of traditional gymnastic and acrobatic tricks, with kicks and leaps inspired by martial arts, parkour and free running. It captures the power and explosive nature of freestyle activities in sport and brings them indoors, performed on a range of purpose-built equipment with associated training techniques.[9]
A gymnastics move in which the gymnast takes a running start, then places their hands as if a handstand. They kick one leg over, push off the ground, and come back up.
A sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength, agility and coordination. It evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks, including skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and circus performance skills.
A glove or wrist strap worn by gymnasts to protect the skin on their hands when they perform upon apparatuses.
Hanging position
Initial position of the gymnasts before the exercise. Only on still rings and horizontal bar, the gymnast is guaranteed the right to be assisted to the hanging position by a coach or gymnast.
HB
The scoring abbreviation for horizontal (or high) bar.
High bar
See horizontal bar.
Hit
To perform a routine or skill to the best of one's ability, with no major errors or deductions. Example: "He hit the dismount." May also be used as an adjective to describe a routine performed well.
A basic skill in artistic gymnastics on the uneven bars that is used at a way of getting on the bar in a front support position or a handstand from a hanging or standing position.
Execution of the Kolyvanov, starting with a circle
Performed by the young Timo Eder during the training at the Austrian Future Cup 2018
L
Lauren Mitchell performing a layout step-out on the balance beam.
Layout
A position in which the gymnast's body is completely stretched, toes pointed and legs straight. A layout in tumbling, vault, or balance beam is a salto performed in this position. In some countries, layout saltos are referred to as "straights" (e.g., "he performed a double straight").
A strength move pressing with the hands where the legs and hips are raised until the hips are above the shoulders and the legs are parallel to the floor.[10] (photos)
Safety equipment used in gymnastics to break falls.
Meet
A commonly used term for a gymnastics competition.
Middle
In acrobatic gymnastics, the role in group competition that requires a combination of strength, balance, flexibility and power.
Mount
The act of getting onto an apparatus and the skill used to do it.
Execution of the Manna
Manna performed by the artistic gymnast Max Krüger at the Swiss Junior Gymnastics Championships 2022 in Lugano, crosswise angle
Manna performed by the artistic gymnast Achille Andrea Montrasio at the 5th International Junior Budapest Cup 2019, lengthwise angle
Straddle before Manna performed by the artistic gymnast Silas Dittmann at the 24th Rheintalcup 2019
Different angle of the same straddle before Manna
Manna performed by the artistic gymnast Silas Dittmann at the 24th Rheintalcup 2019
Different angle of the same Manna
N
Neutral deduction
A score deduction which is taken as a penalty for violations of rules not related directly to the gymnasts' performance, for instance, failure to adhere to required standards of competition attire. Neutral deductions may be applied against a team's cumulative score as well as against individual gymnasts.
A move similar to a cartwheel where the gymnast pushes off the ground and lands on two feet, facing the direction in which the move was initiated in. This move is often used to initiate a tumble.
A gymnastics apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics. It is made of a material that retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. It is knotted at the end.
A discipline of gymnastics in which competitors manipulate apparatuses. The sport combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, theatrical dance, and apparatus manipulation. Athletes are scored on their leaps, balances, pivots, flexibility, apparatus handling, and artistic effect.
A written complaint, submitted by the gymnast or their coaches or federation, to request reconsideration and possible revision of scores felt to be incorrect or unfair. Under FIG rules, protests must be filed immediately after the original score is reported, and before the end of the competition.
Senior
A world-class/elite gymnast who is at least 16, or will be turning 16, within the calendar year.
Gymnastics equipment required on vault, and used as an optional aid for mounts on parallel bars, balance beam and uneven bars.
SR
The scoring abbreviation for the still rings.
Start value
Under the pre-2006 Code of Points, the maximum score a gymnast could receive for a routine, after taking into consideration all bonus skills, combinations and fulfillment of required elements. The score was determined by subtracting deductions from the start value.
Stick
To land an acrobatic skill, jump, or dismount perfectly, without any steps, stumbles or errors.
A move in which the gymnast goes to the ground with one leg in front of them and one behind.
T
Tap swing
A swing on uneven bars or horizontal bar that uses changing body position to generate speed and power for skills such as release moves and dismounts. The gymnast's body is in a hollow position at the rear of the swing, arched during the descent to vertical, and whipped back to a hollow position to accelerate the swing upwards.[11]
Team final, or TF
A team of six gymnasts (or five gymnasts at the 2012 London Olympics) representing a country for the team competition.
Tkatchev
Swing forward and vault backward piked to hang. Named after Aleksandr Tkachyov.
Toe shoes
Shoes commonly worn by rhythmic gymnasts to perform turns. They resemble a ballet shoe that only covers the toes. They may also be worn on one foot by artistic gymnasts on the balance beam or floor exercise to aid turns.[12]
Top
In acrobatic gymnastics, the role in pair and group competition that emphasizes flexibility and agility. The top is usually a younger, smaller athlete.
A vault and family of vaults. The vault consists of a half turn off the springboard onto the vault table, then a push backwards, usually into a back salto or layout. Any vault that has a handspring with ¼ – ½ turn onto the vault table into a salto backwards is classified as a Tsukahara vault. It is named after Mitsuo Tsukahara.
Tumbling
The acrobatic skills performed on floor exercise and balance beam, such as back handsprings and saltos. Also, a specific discipline of gymnastics, performed on a 25-meter-long dynamic track, in which participants perform tumbling skills.
Tumbling run, or tumbling pass
A series of acrobatic skills performed on floor from one corner of the mat to the other, typically beginning with a run and hurtle and ending with a major salto.
Tuck
A jump with knees to chest.
Twist
A layout with axial body rotation in addition to the fundamental rotation about the waist.
A balance beam skill in which the gymnast stands sideways on the beam, dives backwards into a back handspring (the "loop"), grasps the beam, performs a back hip circle and ends up in a front support position, resting on the hands. It is named after Natalia Yurchenko.
A vault and a family of vaults. It consists of a round-off onto the springboard and a back handspring onto the horse or vaulting table, followed by a salto. Any vault with a roundoff-back handspring entry is classified as a "Yurchenko-style" vault. It is named after Natalia Yurchenko.
References
^ abGeorge, Gerald S. (1980). "Basic Principles for Refining Gymnastic Movement". Biomechanics of Women's Gymnastics. Prentice Hall. pp. 7–10. ISBN9780130774613.
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