Glen

This article is about the geographical feature. For other uses, see Glen (disambiguation).

Glendun, one of the Glens of Antrim in Northern Ireland

A glen is a valley, typically one that is long and bounded by gently sloped concave sides, unlike a ravine, which is deep and bounded by steep slopes. The word is Goidelic in origin: gleann in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, glion in Manx. The designation "glen" also occurs often in place names. Glens are appreciated by tourists for their tranquility and scenery.

Etymology

Raven's Craig Glen located in Dalry, North Ayrshire, Scotland

The word is Goidelic in origin: gleann in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, glion in Manx. In Manx, glan is also to be found meaning glen. It is cognate with Welsh glyn.[citation needed] Whittow defines it as a "Scottish term for a deep valley in the Highlands" that is "narrower than a strath".[1]

Examples in Northern England, such as Glenridding, Westmorland, or Glendue, near Haltwhistle, Northumberland, are thought to derive from the aforementioned Cumbric cognate, or another Brythonic equivalent. This likely underlies some examples in Southern Scotland.[2][page needed]

As the name of a river, it is thought to derive from the Irish word glan meaning clean, or the Welsh word gleindid meaning purity. An example is the Glens of Antrim in Northern Ireland where nine glens radiate out from the Antrim plateau to the sea along the coast between Ballycastle and Larne.[citation needed]

Places

Robert's Glen in Macon, Georgia circa 1877

The designation "glen" also occurs often in place names such as Great Glen and Glenrothes in Scotland; Glendalough, Glenswilly, Glen of Aherlow, Glen of Imaal and the Glens of Antrim in Ireland;[3] Glenn Norman in Canada; Glendale, Glen Ellen and Klamath Glen in California, Glenview and Homer Glen in Illinois, and Glenrock in Wyoming; Glenview, Glen Waverley, Glen Eira, Glengowrie, Glen Huntly and Glen Forrest in Australia; and Glendowie, Glen Eden and Glen Innes in New Zealand.[citation needed]

In the Finger Lakes region of New York State, the southern ends of Seneca Lake and Cayuga Lake in particular are etched with glens, although in this region the term "glen" refers most frequently to a narrow gorge, as opposed to a wider valley or strath. The steep hills surrounding these lakes are filled with loose shale from glacial moraines. This material has eroded over the past 10,000 years to produce rocky glens (e.g., Watkins Glen, Fillmore Glen State Park and Treman State Parks) and waterfalls (e.g., Taughannock Falls) as rainwater has flowed down toward the lakes below.[citation needed]

Scotland

Many place-names in Scotland with "glen" derive from the Gaelic gleann ("deep valley"), with some being from the cognates in the Brittonic languages Cumbric and Pictish or from the Gaelic loanword glen in Scots.

  • Glenalmond, Perthshire
  • Glen Affric, Inverness-shire
  • Glenbarton, Dumfriesshire - from Gaelic *gleann-Breatann, or else Brittonic glyn-Brython ("Briton valley").[2][page needed]
  • Glencairn, Dumfriesshire
  • Glen Coe, Argyll
  • Glencortas, Fife - from Gaelic gleann + possibly coirthe ("standing stone") + as (locational suffix).[4]
  • Glendevon, Perthsihire
  • Glendevon, Lanarkshire
  • Glendivan, Dumfriesshire
  • Glendow, Dumfriesshire - from Middle Irish glenn-dubh or Brittonic glyn-du ("dark valley").
  • Glen Doll, Perthshire
  • Glenduckie, Fife - from Gaelic gleann + possibly duaigh ("evil") + -in (suffix).[4]
  • Glen Etive, Argyll
  • Glengaber, Dumfriesshire
  • Glenkens, Kirkcudbrightshire - Brittonic glyn + Ken (river name).[2][page needed]
  • Glenlochar, Kirkcudbrighshire
  • Glen Ogle, Perthshire
  • Glenrothes, Fife - from Scots glen + Rothes.[4]
  • Glensax, Peeblesshire
  • Glensaxon, Dumfriesshire
  • Glen Shiel, Ross and Cromarty
  • Glentanner, Selkirkshire
  • Glentenmont, Dumfriesshire
  • Glenturk, Wigtownshire
  • Glenturret, Perthshire
  • Glen Vale, Fife - from Gaelic gleann-a’-bhealaich ("glen of the pass").[4]

England

Some place-names in England contain the element "Glen". Many of these are derived from Brittonic cognates of Gaelic gleann (Welsh glyn).

  • Glencoyne, Cumberland - Brittonic glyn or Middle Irish glenn + possibly a river name.[2][page needed]
  • Glendinning, Cumberland - Brittonic glyn or Middle Irish glen + Brittonic din ("fort") + an/in (suffix).[2][page needed]
  • Glendon, Devon - possibly a hybrid of Cornish glyn and Old English dun ("hill").[5]
  • Glendowlin, Westmorland - Brittonic glyn or Middle Irish glenn + earlier Brittonic du ("black") + llyn ("pool").[2][page needed]
  • Glendue, Northumberland
  • Glendurgan, Cornwall - from Cornish glynn ("deep valley") + dowrgeun ("otters").[6]
  • Glenridding, Westmorland - equivalent to Old Welsh glinnredin ("bracken valley").[5]
  • Glyn Morlas, Shropshire
  • Glynn Kenyel, Cornwall - from Cornish glynn ("deep valley") + ken ("meeting, confluence") + yel (adjectival suffix).[6]

Note that some place-names in England with "Glen", such as Glen Parva in Leicestershire, are actually more likely to derive from river-names named with Brittonic glan ("shining").[5]

Wales

Some place-names in Wales contain the element glyn ("valley").

Isle of Man

See also

  • High valley – Valley in the upper third of a mountain range
  • Strath – Large valley

References

  1. ^ Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-051094-X..
  2. ^ a b c d e f James, Alan G. "A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence" (PDF). Scottish Place-Name Society. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Gaelic PlaceNames: Gleann And Srath". thebottleimp. November 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d Taylor, Simon. "Fife Place-name Data". Fife Place Name Data. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  5. ^ a b c "Survey of English Place-Names". English Place-Name Society.
  6. ^ a b "Hwilas / Search". Henwyn Tyller Place Names. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d Owen, Hywel Wyn (1998). The place-names of Wales. Cardiff. ISBN 0708314589. Retrieved 12 February 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)