Arunachal Pradesh is primarily a hilly tract nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas in northeast India. It is spread over an area of 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi).[3] 98% of the geographical area is land out of which 80% is forest cover;[1] 2% is water.[4] River systems in the region, including those from the higher Himalayas and Patkoi and Arakan Ranges, eventually drain into the Brahmaputra River.[5]
Elevation ranges from mountains that are above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft),[6] to the towns in the plains with an elevation of less than 300 metres (980 ft).[7] Arunachal shares international borders with Bhutan, Tibet (China) and Burma (Myanmar). Internally, Arunachal borders the states of Assam and Nagaland. Arunachal is called the "orchid state of India"[8][9] and "dawn-lit mountain/Land of Dawn/Land of Dawn-Lit Mountains".[10][11]
Area and borders
Arunachal Pradesh is located in northeast India, bordering Bhutan, Tibet (China) and Myanmar internationally.[12] The border with Bhutan is 160 km (99 mi), the China border is 1,080 km (670 mi), and the Myanmar border is 440 km (270 mi).[12] Internal borders includes the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border 804.1 km (499.6 mi),[13] while the border with Nagaland is 55 km (34 mi).
The territory covers 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi).[3] 98% of the geographical area is land.[1] Most of this land state is hilly terrain, with flat land covering about 4,450 km2 (1,720 sq mi).[12] Water covers 2% of the area.[4] It is the 14th largest among the states and union territories of India by area.[14]
Physical geography
Topography and relief
Relief range varies between plains that are a few hundred meters in height and mountains above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft).[15] The elevation of the towns of Naharlagun, Pasighat and Tezu in the south are 290 m, 155 m and 210 m respectively,[7] while Kangto, Nyegi Kangsang and the Gorichen group of mountains are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas.[16] The southern borders of Arunachal Pradesh are encompassed by the Shivalik ranges which merge into plains.[15] The hills and mountains have associated features such as valleys and intermontane plateaus, that is plateaus between mountains.[15]
75km 50miles
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Passes and mountains in Arunachal, or on or close to its borders.[17][18][19][20]
Legend： 1: Gori Chen2: Kangto3: Bum La Pass4: Yonggyap La
5: Nyegyi Kansang6: Diphu Pass7: Sela Pass8: Dzo La
9: Chubumbu La
10: Gyoa La
11: Lo La
12: Shagam La
13: Tama La
14: Tapgyu La
15: Chupung La
16: Kashong La
17: Andra La
18: Zhabu La
19: Kaya La
20: Pangsau Pass21: Kumjawng Pass
22: Chaukan Pass
23: Hpungan Pass
24: Dafla Range High Point
25: Dapha Bum
26: Pakhain Range High Point
27: Tulung La
28: Chumo
29: Lusha Pass
30: Kangri Karpo La
31: Adjamkho La
32: Tsang Khang La
33: Glei Dakhru34: Mayodia Pass35: Kepang La36: Siang Pass
37: Aguia La
38: Hadigra Dakhru39: Milakatong La40: Chera La
41: Tse La
42: Poshing La
43: Shoka La
44: Tunga La
45: Vorjing Peak
46: Lamdo La
Hills[32][33] and altitudes of selected towns in the state.[7]
Drainage and river systems
Water/wetland cover is 154,609 hectares (1,546.09 km2) or 1.91% of the total area.[4] Out of this, 86% of wetlands are rivers.[4] Lohit district and Dibang Valley district have the highest number of wetlands in the state.[4]
All of these are fed by snow from the Himalayas and numerous rivers and rivulets and eventually flow into Siang/Brahmaputra. Abrasion by the rivers which flow through the mountains has created a broad valley, which is a major feature of the geography of the state.
The Forest Research Institute of India'sIndia State of Forest Report 2019 lists area under different forest types in the state.[39] The major forest types as a percentage of the forest cover area are:
East Himalayan Sub-Tropical Wet Hill Forest = 24.35%[39]
Flora and fauna in the state includes over 4000 species of flowering plants,[42] 600 bird species, 200 fish species,[43] 42 amphibian species, 85 terrestrial mammals and a wide number of insects, butterflies and reptiles.[37][44]Orchids, fern, bamboo, cane, rhododendrons, oak, hedychiums, and various medicinal plants form a diverse range of the state's green cover. Among the crops grow are rice,nigros , maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation and processing units, and handloom handicrafts Apart from them, the forests of Arunachal are also home to a large number of people belonging to the different tribes. These tribal people, aloof from urbanization, dwell in these forests where the various forest-based products form a part of their livelihood. Right from the south of the state where the altitude is low we get to see a variety of trees like teak, sal, gutjan, more.
The regions in the lower belts of the state experience hot and humid climates, with a maximum temperature in the foothills reaching up to 40 °C (during the summer). The average temperature in this region in winter ranges from 15° to 21 °C while that during the monsoon season remains between 22° and 30 °C.[46][47][48]
Arunachal Pradesh experiences heavy rainfall during May to September. The average rainfall recorded in Arunachal Pradesh is 300 centimeters, varying between 80 centimeters and 450 centimeters.[49]
^ ab"Arunachal Pradesh: Physiography, At a glance". gbpihedenvis.nic.in. Hosted by: G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development. Sponsored by: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Govt of India. ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology. Retrieved 23 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^"Launching IUCN Red-listing Process for Orchids in Arunachal Pradesh, India". IUCN. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2021. The biodiversity rich North-East States in India are endowed with over 870 species in 159 genera constituting over 73% of the total Orchid species reported from India. Arunachal Pradesh has the highest number of orchid species (around 622 species) reported from the state. Arunachal Pradesh has also been termed as 'Orchid Paradise of India' because of the maximum concentration of orchid species (about 40% of the country) in the State.
^"Boundaries of Assam. Inter-State Border Areas". Directorate Of Border Protection And Development, Border Protection And Development, Government Of Assam. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Length of Inter-state Boundary (Source–SOI) ... [...] Assam-Arunachal Pradesh – 804.1 Km
^"Area of Indian states"(PDF). Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 598. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^Páll-Gergely, Barna & Fehér, Zoltán & Hunyadi, András & Asami, Takahiro. (2015). Revision of the genus Pseudopomatias and its relatives (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea: Pupinidae). pp. 8. Zootaxa. 3937. 1-49. 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.1.
National Wetland Atlas: Arunachal Pradesh(PDF), SAC/RESA/AFEG/NWIA/ATLAS/06/2009, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India, p. 98, archived from the original(PDF) on 28 July 2013. (This is a PDF Size:59.00MB){{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
State Profile of Arunachal Pradesh(PDF), Branch MSME-Development Institute. Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh., Development Commissioner. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Government of India., 2013–2014, archived from the original(PDF) on 31 July 2021{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Arunachal Pradesh: Human Development Report 2005(PDF), Prepared by Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. Planning Commission, NITI Aayog., Department of Planning, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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