Gene Keyes

Gene Keyes
Born (1941-10-24) October 24, 1941 (age 83)
NationalityAmerican (but resident of Canada since 1973)
OccupationAssistant Professor of World Politics (retired)
Known forPeace activism, Cahill-Keyes map projection, Strategic Nonviolent Defense and Unarmed Military Forces, Esperanto
AwardsHonorable Mention - Cartography and Geographic Information Society 2013 (shared with Joe Roubal) for one-degree globe Best Map, Other Category, Cartography and Geographic Information Society 2014 (shared with Duncan Webb and Mary Jo Graça) for Cahill-Keyes World Political Map
Academic background
ThesisStrategic Nonviolent Defense in Theory; Denmark in Practice (1978)
InfluencesBuckminster Fuller, Mohandas Gandhi, Gene Sharp, A.J. Muste
Academic work
DisciplineInternational Relations
Notable ideasStrategic Nonviolence, Cahill-Keyes map projection

Gene Scott Keyes (born October 24, 1941) is a former Assistant Professor of World Politics, a sometime peace activist, noted cartographer, and promoter of the international second language Esperanto. He achieved considerable attention for his peace activism when his mother, Charlotte E. Keyes wrote an article for McCall's, Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came (October 1966). The title phrase, based on a quote from a Carl Sandburg poem, became part of the anti-Vietnam-War lexicon.[1][2] The slogan also went on to become the basis of the film Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came. His cartography work has won two awards.

Biography

Personal life

Keyes was born on October 24, 1941, to Charlotte Keyes (née Shachmann) and Scott Keyes. His father was a Quaker and his mother was Jewish. Both were pacifists. They had been anti-militarists in the 1930s though they both supported American involvement in World War II as they believed Hitler had to be stopped by force if necessary. After the war they became more involved with the Quaker movement. Young Gene absorbed his parents' pacifism even to the point of worrying about the insects his mother killed as she cleaned house.[3]

Keyes has two brothers and one sister. His brother Ralph Keyes is the author of the best-seller Is There Life After High School? which became a Broadway musical.[4]

In 1968, Keyes married his girlfriend Jane Gordon. They moved to Canada in 1973 when Jane found employment there. They have two children, Jeremy David, born in 1976 and Rachel Elizabeth, born in 1979. In 1980 Jane filed for divorce demanding sole custody of the children. Without a lawyer, Keyes fought for equal-shared-parenting all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada but was only given limited "visitation" rights when the divorce was finalized in 1984. He has lived in Canada since 1973 but retained his American citizenship.[5]

He has lived with his partner Mary Jo Graça since 1989. Currently Dr. Keyes is retired and living in Berwick, Nova Scotia, where he continues to manage his website, uploading material about Bernard J. S. Cahilll, the Cahill-Keyes projection, Esperanto, and strategic nonviolent defense.[5]

Polaris Action

After graduating high school, Keyes was accepted at Harvard, class of 1963, and during his time there joined demonstrations at Woolworth's in support of desegregating their stores in the American South (inspired by the Feb. 1960 Greensboro sit-ins), taught Spanish at the local jail, leafleted about nuclear weapons, and joined a variety of liberal groups. His activism led to a deterioration of his grades.[3]

Then in February 1961, he left university to join Polaris Action, an activist group bent on civil disobedience to protest against nuclear weapons.[6] Polaris submarines were nuclear-ballistic-missile firing boats now supplanted by the Trident fleet. He wrote his parents that "the business of Polaris Action is mostly leafleting, speaking, clerical, canvassing, with infrequent melodramatic and physically dangerous moments of submarine boarding. It's the Gandhian idea of lying across the railroad tracks, except we're lying across the Polaris submarines."[3] He moved to New London, Connecticut, to live on a farm with other members of the Polaris Action group. While his parents tried to dissuade him from actual civil disobedience, by August he was in jail for trying to board the submarine Ethan Allen. He served seventeen days.[3][7]

Draft Card Burning

When he had turned 18 during university Keyes was required to register for the draft. He requested conscientious objector status from the Selective Service Commission. But he felt uneasy about it, thinking this was still part of the war system. "All the hospital work a conscientious objector could do in two years would not make up for a single day of napalm and pellet bombs," he wrote.[8]

In 1962-63, he enrolled at Pendle Hill, a Quaker study center near Philadelphia, to research ideas for unarmed military forces.

In March 1963, he went to Washington to testify before a Senate subcommittee against the bill to extend the induction provisions of the Universal Military Training and Service Act and urged "establishing an integral strategic nonviolent national defense system...What is suggested is a basic reorientation of the defense posture of this nation".[3]

"My purpose," he went on, "is not to secure a special berth in the ship of state while others man its artillery." He was quite willing "to participate in the national defense" if the defense establishment changed its "violent premises" to peaceful ones.[3]

Gene Keyes about to burn his draft card outside the Champaign Selective Service Offices - Dec. 24, 1963

Meanwhile, Keyes had decided on a course of action to dramatize his position. On October 3 he cancelled his application for conscientious objector status. In December that year he wrote to two local newspapers in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois to announce that he would celebrate Christmas, the time to think about peace on earth, by burning his draft card. He wrote, "As a prayer for peace on earth, I will be holding a vigil on Christmas Eve in front of the local draft board." He proposed to stand there for twelve hours starting at noon. "At midnight Christmas Eve I will be using my draft card to light a candle."[3]

On December 24, 1963, he stood outside the draft board wearing a sign that read, "To Light This Candle with a Draft Card - A Prayer for Peace on Earth." He spoke to people throughout his twelve-hour vigil and at midnight, with about twenty-five people present, his girl friend Jane held the candle while he held the draft card with a pair of tongs and lit it with a lighter, then lit the candle.[3][9][10]

The pact that Keyes and two friends signed committing them to supporting each other in their draft resistance.

On May 15, 1964, he was drafted, but declined in a telegram to the President, Attorney General, and the local Draft Board: "There is no moral validity to any part of any law whose purpose is to train people to kill one another. I hereby reject the order to report for induction."[8]

On May 18, 1964, he and two friends signed a "Pact" to insist upon joint arrest if any one of them was individually picked up for draft resistance. One was convicted in St. Louis in July 1964 and Keyes and the third man stood up in court and got six months each for contempt.[8][11][12][13][14][15]

By 1965, draft card burning had become so popular that the U.S. government passed a law making it an offense to knowingly destroy or mutilate a draft card. There had been a draft-card burning event in 1947 when conscription was re-established after World War II,[16] but Keyes was one of the earliest draft card burners of the Vietnam War era.

After finishing the contempt sentence, Keyes was sentenced to three years in prison in 1965 for failing to report for military service. He served one year of the sentence. In all, Keyes served four prison sentences for civil disobedience from 1961 - 65 including a 27-day hunger strike in the Albany, Georgia, city jail, Feb. 1964, when an integrated peace march was forbidden to march through the middle of town.[10][11][17][18]

In 1966, his mother, Charlotte Keyes wrote about Gene's pacifism and activism culminating in his draft card burning in an article for McCall's Magazine called Suppose They Gave War and Nobody Came. That article gained wide attention and made the title a slogan of the anti-Vietnam war movement. It became a popular bumper sticker.[1][2] A 1970 anti-war movie adopted the same title and the rock group, The Monkees recorded a song called "Zor and Zam" based on the idea.[19]

Education and career

In 1969, Keyes returned to university, completing a Bachelor of Arts, 1971, with a Special Major in Government (War-Peace Studies) at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. He wrote the first senior thesis of the President's Scholar Program (on unarmed military forces). He stayed at SIU-C for an MA in Government, 1973.[10]

Keyes had been a fan of legendary architect, futurist, philosopher and designer of the geodesic dome, Buckminster Fuller, since 1961 and he chose Southern Illinois University at Carbondale largely because Fuller was affiliated with its design department.[20]

One of his interests was Fuller's Dymaxion Map, an attempt to show in a flat projection "all continents uninterrupted and with minimal distortion". Keyes viewed geography as a way of illuminating war and his 1973 Master's thesis looked at a conflict between Russia and China over a tiny island on their river border, a conflict that almost led to a nuclear war. He called the thesis "Six Principles for a Unified Map System (Applied to the China-Russia Situation)". In it Keyes used Fuller's map as the basis of the new system he proposed.[20]

In 1978 he got his Ph.D. in International Relations from York University, Toronto.

Upon graduation, Keyes remained in Canada as an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Brandon University, Manitoba from 1979-1980 and from 1990-1991. He taught at St. Thomas University, New Brunswick from 1982-1983. He also free lanced. Keyes kept his US citizenship.[5]

As a political science professor, Keyes continued to promote the idea of an unarmed military and wrote extensively on the subject. He also pursued an interest in the international second language Esperanto and in world map design.

The Cahill-Keyes Projection

Following his M.A. thesis, Keyes had concluded there were inadequacies with Fuller's map. Further studies later in 1973 led him to discover Bernard J.S. Cahill's Octahedral Butterfly World Map. Created in 1909, Cahill's map had been largely forgotten, but Keyes judged it to be a better map than Fuller's, and he spent much of the next forty years tweaking and improving upon it.[21]

Gene Keyes with the hand drawn first draft of the Cahill-Keyes world map

Cahill's map looked like a butterfly, but it had some anomalies Keyes did not like. In a eureka moment he realized he wasn't confined to Cahill's butterfly shape. So he redesigned it into an M shape. He also coined the term "geocell" to define an area bounded by one degree of latitude and longitude, because he felt that world maps should have a resolution of at least five degrees and preferably one degree; whereas most world maps and globes do not.[21][22]

While working on his doctorate in Toronto, he also continued to work on his map. "I was unable to locate large-scale reproductions, drawings, or computations," he wrote, "so I set about drawing my own Cahill from scratch".[21]

"On November 4th, 1975, after 40-days and nights," notes an article in Wired Magazine on Keyes' forty year quest, "he emerged with a six-and-a-half square foot, hand-drawn, featureless graticule". A graticule is a network of lines or a grid (latitudes and longitudes) on which a map can be projected. He sketched in North America and eventually the whole world.[21]

That 1975 map, the first Cahill-Keyes projection, launched a decades long quest to perfect it. One of his goals is a map with a 1:1 million scale, about half the size of a football field. Each one degree geocell would be large enough to stand in. While the physical Master Map as he calls it, remains a dream, in 2010, his partner Mary Jo Graça, using Keyes's extensive calculations, plotted the entire projection and in 2011 digitized the entire map. Absent the physical version, a 9,000 square foot pdf of that full size map can be easily navigated on a home computer.[21] It is the first contiguous world map at a resolution showing all one-degree geocells (except five degrees at the poles). Keyes likewise commissioned the first-ever one-degree globe from Joe Roubal in 2013.[21]

Ironically, Keyes ever only took one course in cartography (auditing), with most of his studies being in political science.

Duncan Webb's political world map for 2013 using the Cahill-Keyes Projection. This map won Best Map, Other Category at the 2014 CaGIS Awards.

Cartography Awards

Gene Keyes holding the world's first one-degree globe. This won an honorable mention at the 2013 CaGIS Awards.

Keyes and Roubal's one-degree globe won Honorable Mention at the 41st Annual CaGIS Map Design Competition (Cartography and Geographic Information Society).[23]

In 2014, Duncan Webb published a five-foot wall poster Cahill-Keyes map, which won Best Map, Other Category, in the 42nd Annual CaGIS Competition.[24]

Esperanto

In 1980, Keyes learned Esperanto.[5] The international second language created by Ludovik Zamenhof was originally published as a pamphlet in several languages in 1887, and for the first time since then, Keyes re-published the English version both on paper and online. Keyes also wrote and uploaded a free HTML edition of a romantic comedy s-f novel (La Mi-Klono, The Me Clone), with English and Esperanto in side-by-side columns. He has also translated eleven Christmas Carols into Esperanto, including a new English version of "O Holy Night", and an unabridged one of "Riu Riu Chiu"; all of them with a simple melody score and the original language plus English. As well, Keyes catalogued the nearly 2,000 item Esperanto library of the late Dr. Stevens Norvell, now housed in Alberta.[25]

Strategic Nonviolent Defense and Unarmed Military Forces

Keyes's 1978 Ph.D. thesis was Strategic Nonviolent Defense in Theory; Denmark in Practice. A condensed version appeared in The Journal of Strategic Studies as Strategic Nonviolent Defense: the Construct of an Option. In this work, he identifies morale as the center of gravity for a country non-violently resisting an invasion by an enemy.[26][27][28]

The latest version of Keyes's long-term interest in a nonviolent military was published as a chapter in the book Nonkilling Security and the State, Joám Evans Pim, ed., 2013[29] and as an illustrated stand-alone pdf, To Give Life: A Nonkilling Military: Precedents and Possibilities.[30] In it, he elaborates ten kinds of missions for unarmed forces, including such obvious ones as Humanitarian Assistance / Disaster Relief (HA/DR), and hypothetical ones such as Defense in the spirit of Brazil's great national hero, Major-General Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon (1865-1958), who fostered the motto "Die if you must, but never kill."[30]

An earlier edition appeared in 1982 in Co-Evolution Quarterly (later Whole Earth Review), as Force Without Firepower.[31]

Shared Parenting Advocate

After Keyes lost his battle for shared-custody of his children in 1984, he led a shared parenting advocacy group in Nova Scotia.[5][32] In 1998 he testified on shared parenting before Special Joint Committee on Child Custody and Access of the Government of Canada. "I think that situation, where 60,000 children a year are forcibly denied any kind of equal parenting time with their fathers, is one of the worst state-enforced abuses of human rights in Canada today," he told the committee. "The court ordeals we go through are sickening and unbelievable. Abusive lawyers are rewarded by adversarial, winner-take-all courts. We have debtors' prison for fathers only. We have children moved away at the mother's whim. We have shattered families, devastated fathers, and scarred children. These are the dark ages of family law in Canada." Keyes submitted a 17-page brief called Family Rights for Children of Divorce, a document his Nova Scotia advocacy had created.[33]

Books

  • We Won't Go: Personal Accounts of War Objectors, Alice Lynd, ed., 1968 (contributor)
  • Nonkilling Security and the State, Joám Evans Pim, ed., 2013 (contributor) ISBN 0983986215
  • The Me Clone, La Mi-Klono - self-published novel in English and Esperanto side by side, 220 pages, 1988

References

  1. ^ a b Deis, Robert (Oct 27, 2015). "Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came". Quote/Counterquote. Subtropic Productions LLC.
  2. ^ a b Keyes, Ralph (2006). The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 239. ISBN 978-0312340049.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Keyes, Charlotte E. "Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came". www.genekeyes.com. McCall's. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
  4. ^ Keyes, Ralph. "Ralph Keyes Website". www.ralphkeyes.com. Ralph Keyes.
  5. ^ a b c d e Keyes, Gene (2013). "Harvard and Radcliffe Class of 1963 Fiftieth Anniversary Report". genekeyes.com. Harvard University. Retrieved Oct 29, 2016.
  6. ^ Harris, Hilary (1960). "Polaris Action". youtube.com (Film converted to video). Hilary Harris.
  7. ^ Keyes, Gene (Sep 11, 1961). "Keyes Tells How Pacifist Demonstrators are Handled". Champaign-Urbana, Illinois: Spectator. p. Just over half way down the webpage - newspaper clipping.
  8. ^ a b c Lynd, Alice (1968). "We Won't Go: Personal Accounts of War Objectors". digitalcommons.lasalle.edu. Beacon Press. Retrieved Oct 27, 2016.
  9. ^ Rosenwald, Lawrence, ed. (2016). War No More: Three Centuries of American Antiwar and Peace Writing. Library of America. ISBN 978-1598534733.
  10. ^ a b c Kacich, Tom (Feb 6, 2015). "Tom's Mail Bag Feb. 6, 2015". news-gazette.com. The News-Gazette, Champaign, Illinois. Retrieved Oct 27, 2016.
  11. ^ a b Deming, Barbara (1966). Prison Notes. Grossman. ISBN 978-0886190392.
  12. ^ Mollin, Marian (2006). Radical Pacifism in Modern America: Egalitarianism and Protest. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 149, 151, 219, 220, 231, 232. ISBN 978-0812239522.
  13. ^ "Draft Resister Sentenced to Five Years: Supporters Jailed Six Months". St. Louis Globe-Democrat. July 7, 1964.
  14. ^ "2 Begin, Sit-in After Sentencing of Draft Evader, Are Ejected". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. July 6, 1964.
  15. ^ Keyes, Gene. "The Pact (a collection of photographs and news clippings)".
  16. ^ Smith, Jeff (Feb 12, 2013). "This Day in Resistance History: WWI & WWII vets burn their draft cards". Grand Rapids Institute for Information Democracy. Retrieved Oct 27, 2016.
  17. ^ Deming, Barbara (1985). Prisons That Could Not Hold. Spinsters Ink. pp. 118, 140, 184. ISBN 978-0933216150.
  18. ^ Keyes, Gene. "Struggle in Albany, Georgia, for an integrated peace walk, 1964 Jan-Feb (a collection of photographs)".
  19. ^ The Monkees (June 23, 2013). "The Monkees - Zor and Zam Lyrics". youtube.com. Youtube. Retrieved Oct 27, 2016.
  20. ^ a b Keyes, Gene (June 15, 2009). "Evolution of the Dymaxion Map: An Illustrated Tour and Critique". genekeyes.com. Gene Keyes. Retrieved Oct 27, 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Stockton, Nick (Dec 9, 2013). "Get to Know a Projection: Gene Keyes' 40-Year Quest for the Perfect Map". wired.com. Wired Magazine. Retrieved Oct 27, 2016.
  22. ^ Stockton, Nick (Nov 26, 2013). "Projection Smackdown: Cahill's Butterfly vs. the Dymaxion Map". www.wired.com. Wired Magazine. Retrieved Nov 1, 2016.
  23. ^ "CaGIS 41st Map Design Competition Results". cartogis.org. Cartography and Geographic Information Society. Feb 9, 2014.
  24. ^ "CaGIS 42nd Map Design Competition Results". cartogis.org. Cartography and Geographic Information Society. March 7, 2015.
  25. ^ Keyes, Gene. "World Second Language, Esperanto". genekeyes.com. Gene Keyes.
  26. ^ Keyes, Gene (January 1981). "Strategic Nonviolent Defense: the Construct of an Option". The Journal of Strategic Studies. 4 (2): 125–151. doi:10.1080/01402398108437073.
  27. ^ Roberts, Adam; Ash, Timothy Garton, eds. (2011). Civil Resistance & Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199691456.
  28. ^ Burrowes, Robert J. (1995). The Strategy of Nonviolent Defense: A Gandhian Approach. SUNY Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0791425886.
  29. ^ Pim, Joám Evans, ed. (2013). Nonkilling Security and the State (PDF). Center for Global Nonkilling. ISBN 978-0983986218.
  30. ^ a b Keyes, Gene (2013). "To Give Life: A Nonkilling Military - Precedents and Possibilities" (PDF). www.genekeyes.com. Gene Keyes.
  31. ^ Keyes, Gene (1982). "Force Without Firepower: A Doctrine of Unarmed Military Service". wholeearth.com (Journal). Co-evolution Quarterly (now Whole Earth Catalog). pp. 4–25.
  32. ^ Kozolanka, Kirsten; Mazepa, Patricia; Skinner, David, eds. (2013). Alternative Media in Canada. UBC Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0774821650.
  33. ^ "Minutes of the Special Joint Committee on Child Custody and Access". Government of Canada. May 26, 1998.

Read other articles:

I Putu Arya Angga Suardika Informasi pribadiLahir0 Oktober 1964 (umur 59)Bali, IndonesiaAlma materAkademi Angkatan Laut (1987)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan LautMasa dinas1987—2022Pangkat Laksamana Muda TNINRP8941/PSatuanKorps ElektronikaSunting kotak info • L • B Laksamana Muda TNI (Purn.) Drs. I Putu Arya Angga Suardika (lahir 0 Oktober 1964) adalah seorang Purnawirawan TNI-AL yang terkahir menjabat sebagai Deputi Bidang Informasi, Huku...

 

 EW23 Stasiun MRT Clementi金文泰地铁站கிளிமெண்டிAngkutan cepatPeron Stasiun MRT Clementi.Lokasi3150 Commonwealth Avenue WestSingapura 129580Koordinat1°18′55.09″N 103°45′54.88″E / 1.3153028°N 103.7652444°E / 1.3153028; 103.7652444Jalur  Jalur Timur Barat Jumlah peronPulauJumlah jalur2LayananBus, TaksiKonstruksiJenis strukturMelayangTinggi peron2Akses difabelYesInformasi lainKode stasiunEW23SejarahDibuka12 Maret 1...

 

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang drama. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Mousetrap (disambiguasi). The MousetrapSt Martin's Theatre, London pada Maret 2010PenulisAgatha ChristieTokoh Mollie Ralston Giles Ralston Christopher Wren Mrs Boyle Major Metcalf Miss Casewell Mr Paravicini Detektif Sersan Trotter Pementasan perdana6 Oktober 1952Pentas perdanaTheatre Royal, NottinghamBahasa asliInggrisGenreFiksi kejahatanLatarSebuah rumah tamu, Monkswell Manor, waktu musim dingin pada zaman sekarangSitus re...

Election in South Carolina Main article: 1928 United States presidential election 1928 United States presidential election in South Carolina ← 1924 November 6, 1928 1932 →   Nominee Al Smith Herbert Hoover Party Democratic Republican Home state New York California Running mate Joseph Taylor Robinson Charles Curtis Electoral vote 9 0 Popular vote 62,700 5,858 Percentage 91.39% 8.54% County Results Smith  70-80%  80-90% ...

 

Canadian human rights activist This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments, a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. (March 2020) Craig KielburgerCM MSM OMCKielburger in 2011BornCraig Kielburger (1982-12-17) December 17, 1982 (age 41)Thornhill, Ontario, CanadaNationalityCanadianEducation Trinity College, Toronto (BA) York University (MBA) Occ...

 

لوي جاك تينار (بالفرنسية: Louis Jacques Thénard)‏    معلومات شخصية الميلاد 4 مايو 1777 [1][2][3]  الوفاة 21 يونيو 1857 (80 سنة) [1][2][3]  باريس  مواطنة فرنسا  عضو في الجمعية الملكية،  وجمعية محبي العلوم بباريس،  وأكاديمية العلوم المفيدة،  والأكاديمي�...

Bilateral relationsBrazil–European Union relations European Union Brazil Brazil and the European Union established diplomatic relations in 1960.[1] The European Union and Brazil have close historical, cultural, economic and political ties.[1] At the 1st EU-Brazil summit, in 2007, Brazil entered in a strategic partnership with the European Union, strengthening their ties.[2] This new relationship places Brazil high on the EU's political map.[1] Agreements The ...

 

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府(Oguzkhan Presidential Palace)機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年,可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關(英语:National Council of Turkmenistan) ...

 

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言,清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日(哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統) 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 本表是動態列表,或許永遠不會完結。歡迎您參考可靠來源來查漏補缺。 潛伏於中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表收錄根據公開資料來源,曾潛伏於中華民國國軍、被中國共產黨聲稱或承認,或者遭中華民國政府調查審判,為中華人民共和國和中國人民解放軍進行間諜行為的人物。以下列表以現今可查知時間為準,正確的間諜活動或洩漏機密時間可能早於或晚於以下所歸�...

 

Skirt, HirariSingel oleh AKB48dari album Set List: Greatest Songs 2006–2007Sisi-BAozora no soba ni iteDirilis7 Juni 2006 (2006-06-07) (Indies)FormatCD SingelGenrePopDurasi18:19LabelAKSPenciptaYasushi Akimoto, Mio Okada, Yuichi YaegakiProduserYasushi Akimoto Skirt, Hirari (スカート、ひらりcode: ja is deprecated ) adalah singel kedua grup idola Jepang AKB48 yang dirilis secara independen oleh AKS, 7 Juni 2006.[1] Lagu ini dinyanyikan oleh 7 anggota dari Tim A AKB48, Tomom...

 

European Beach Handball ChampionshipStatusactiveGenresports eventDate(s)midyearFrequencybiennialInaugurated2000Organised byEuropean Handball Federation The European Beach Handball Championship is the official competition for senior national beach handball teams of Europe. It was first organized by the EHF in 2000. In addition to crowning the European champions, the tournament also serves as a qualifying tournament for the World Championships. Summary Year Host Final Bronze Match Gold Score Si...

Mihajlo LukićMihajlo Lukić in Royal Yugoslav Army uniformBorn(1886-09-24)24 September 1886Virje, Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-HungaryDiedJuly 18, 1961(1961-07-18) (aged 74)Zagreb, PR Croatia, YugoslaviaBuriedMirogoj cemetery, Zagreb, CroatiaAllegiance Austria-Hungary (until 1918) Yugoslavia (1918–1941) Croatia (1941–1943)Years of service1905–1943[1]RankGeneralBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War II in Yugoslavia Mihajlo Lukić (24 September 1886 – 18 July 1...

 

Kevin Michael RichardsonRichardson di Comic Con 2010 di San Diego.Lahir25 Oktober 1964 (umur 59)The Bronx, New York, A.S.Nama lainKevin M. RichardsonPendidikanSyracuse University (B.F.A.)[1]PekerjaanAktor, aktor suara, penyanyiTahun aktif1992–sekarangSuami/istriMonica Richardson ​(m. 2006)​Anak2 stepsonsSitus webwww.kevinmichaelrichardson.net Kevin Michael Richardson (lahir 25 Oktober 1964) adalah aktor, pengisi suara, dan penyanyi Amerik...

 

«Io nacqui a debellar tre mali estremi: / tirannide, sofismi, ipocrisia; […] / Carestie, guerre, pesti, invidia, inganno, / ingiustizia, lussuria, accidia, sdegno, / tutti a que' tre gran mali sottostanno, / che nel cieco amor proprio, figlio degno / d'ignoranza, radice e fomento hanno.» (da Delle radici de' gran mali del mondo) Francesco Cozza, ritratto di Tommaso Campanella Tommaso Campanella, alla nascita Giovanni Domenico Campanella, noto anche con lo pseudonimo di Settimontano Squil...

Este artículo o sección tiene referencias, pero necesita más para complementar su verificabilidad. Busca fuentes: «T13 En Vivo» – noticias · libros · académico · imágenesEste aviso fue puesto el 27 de febrero de 2022. T13 en Vivo Tipo de canal Televisión digital terrestreProgramación NoticiasPropietario Grupo LuksicOperado por Secuoya ChilePaís Chile ChileInicio de transmisiones 26 de abril de 2016(como T13 Móvil)10 de abril de 2023(como T13 En Vivo; r...

 

Alexandre RoutskoïАлександр Руцкой Alexandre Routskoï en 2016. Fonctions Gouverneur de l'oblast de Koursk 23 octobre 1996 – 18 novembre 2000(4 ans et 26 jours) Prédécesseur Vasily Shuteev Successeur Alexander Mikhaylov Président de la fédération de Russie[1](contesté, non reconnu) 22 septembre – 4 octobre 1993(12 jours) Prédécesseur Boris Eltsine Successeur Boris Eltsine Vice-président de la fédération de Russie 10 juillet 1991 – 4 octobre 199...

 

Church in Lancashire, United KingdomEnglish Martyrs ChurchChurch of St Thomas of Canterbury and the English Martyrs, PrestonEnglish Martyrs Church53°46′09″N 2°42′15″W / 53.7692°N 2.7043°W / 53.7692; -2.7043OS grid referenceSD5367730545LocationPreston, LancashireCountryUnited KingdomDenominationRoman CatholicWebsiteEnglishMartyrsPreston.org.ukHistoryStatusParish churchFoundedJanuary 22, 1865 (1865-01-22)Founder(s)Bishop Alexander GossDedicati...

Firearm cartridge classification 5 mm caliberExamples of 5 mm cartridges, .22 Short (left) and .22 Long Rifle (5.6×10mmR and 5.6×15mmR)«4 mmFirearm cartridges6 mm» This is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets in the 5.00 to 5.99 mm (0.197 to 0.236 in) caliber range. Length refers to the cartridge case length. OAL refers to the overall length of the cartridge. All measurements are in mm (in). Rimfire cartridges See also: List of rimfire cartridges Name Case type Bullet...

 

The Jesus and Mary ChainJesus and Mary Chain live @ The Wiltern, Los Angeles, California, 23 ottobre 2007 Paese d'origine Regno Unito GenereRock alternativo[1]Noise pop[1]Indie rock[1]Shoegaze[2][3]Post-punk[1] Periodo di attività musicale1984 – 19992007 – in attività EtichettaCreation RecordsBlanco y Negro RecordsSub Pop Album pubblicati17 Studio7 Live2 Raccolte4 Logo ufficiale Sito ufficiale Modific...