Gauge Change Train

The Gauge Change Train (GCT) or Free Gauge Train (フリーゲージトレイン, "FGT") is the name given to a Japanese project started in 1994 to develop a high-speed train with variable gauge axles to allow inter-running between the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge Shinkansen network, and the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge regional rail network.[1]

Two three-car and one four-car "GCT" electric multiple unit (EMU) trains have been built for testing. The first train operated from 1998 until 2006, the second train operated from 2006 until 2014 and the third-generation train commenced testing in 2014, although testing is currently suspended due to technical issues with the bogies.[2] The GCT was due to be introduced on the Nagasaki Shinkansen upon its opening in 2022, but JR Kyushu announced in June 2017 that it had abandoned plans to adopt the GCT for these services.[3]

As a result of the abandonment of the proposed use of the GCT on the West Kyushu Shinkansen by JR Kyushu, in August 2018 JR West announced that the proposed GCT between Tsuruga and Osaka had been abandoned.

There are currently no further proposals for use of the GCT, nor any development work on it.

First-generation train (1998–2006)

Gauge Change train
The first-generation train on the Yosan Line in May 2003
ManufacturerKawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corporation
Constructed1998
Number built3 vehicles
Number preserved1 vehicle
Number scrapped2 vehicles
Formation3-car set
Specifications
Car length23,075 mm (75 ft 8.5 in) (end cars)
20,500 mm (67 ft 3 in) (intermediate car)
Width2,945 mm (9 ft 7.9 in)
Maximum speed300 km/h (186 mph) (shinkansen lines)
130 km/h (81 mph) (narrow gauge lines)
Traction systemRMT17 traction motors
(x2 per axle)
Power output190 kW (255 hp)
per axle (25 kV AC)
Electric system(s)25 kV AC (50/60), 20 kV AC (50/60), 1,500 V DC, Overhead wire
Current collector(s)Pantograph
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)

The first GCT train was completed in October 1998.[4] It was designed to be able to run at a maximum speed of over 300 km/h (186 mph) on Shinkansen lines, and at over 130 km/h (81 mph) on conventional narrow-gauge lines under a catenary voltage of 25 kV AC (50/60 Hz), 20 kV AC (50/60 Hz), or 1,500 V DC.[5]

Formation

The train was formed as shown below, with all three cars motored.

Car No. 1 2 3
Designation M'c1 M1 M'c2
Numbering GCT01-1 GCT01-2 GCT01-3

Car 1 was built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, car 2 was built by Kinki Sharyo, and car 3 was built by Tokyu Car Corporation.

History

After preparation at the Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI) in Kokubunji, Tokyo, the train was moved to JR West tracks in January 1999 for testing on the Sanin Line at speeds of up to 100 km/h (62 mph). From April 1999, the train was shipped to the Transportation Technology Center in Pueblo, Colorado, United States for an extended period of high-speed endurance running until January 2001. Here, it recorded a maximum speed of 246 km/h (153 mph) and ran a total distance of approximately 600,000 km (372,823 mi), with approximately 2,000 axle gauge changing cycles.[6]

In November 2002, the train recorded a maximum speed of 130 km/h (81 mph) on the Nippo Main Line in Kyushu.[4]

From May to June 2003, the train was tested for the first time in Shikoku, running late at night on the Yosan Line between Sakaide Station and Matsuyama Station. [7]

Testing on the Sanyo Shinkansen commenced on 23 August 2004 between Shin-Yamaguchi and Shin-Shimonoseki stations, delayed from the initial plan for testing to start during fiscal 2002.[4] A series of 15 return test runs were conducted late at night between 23 August and 27 October 2004, starting at a maximum speed of 70 km/h (45 mph) on the first day.[8] The maximum speed was increased to 100 km/h (62 mph) on the second day, eventually raised to 210 km/h (130 mph) on the final day.[8]

Withdrawal and preservation

Testing ended in 2006, after which the train was stored at JR Kyushu's Kokura Works. In April 2007, the train was moved to storage at JR Shikoku's Tadotsu Works. The Tokyu end car and Kinki Sharyo intermediate car were scrapped on-site, but the Kawasaki end car, number GCT01-1, was moved to Kawasaki Heavy Industries' Kobe factory in February 2014.[9]

  • One car of the first-generation set stored at Tadotsu Works in July 2008
    One car of the first-generation set stored at Tadotsu Works in July 2008
  • Two cars of the first-generation set stored at Tadotsu Works in October 2012
    Two cars of the first-generation set stored at Tadotsu Works in October 2012

Second-generation train (2006–2013)

Gauge Change Train
The second-generation set undergoing testing on the Yosan Line in Shikoku in September 2012
Constructed2006
Scrapped2014
Number built3 vehicles
Number preserved1 vehicle
Number scrapped2 vehicles
Formation3-car set
Capacity36
Specifications
Car length23,075 mm (75 ft 8.5 in) (end cars)
20,500 mm (67 ft 3 in) (intermediate car)
Width2,945 mm (9 ft 7.9 in)
Height4,030 mm (13 ft 3 in)
Maximum speed270 km/h (168 mph) (shinkansen lines)
130 km/h (81 mph) (narrow gauge lines)
Axle loadmax 12.5 t (27,558 lb)
Electric system(s)25 kV AC (60 Hz), 20 kV AC (60 Hz), 1,500 V DC, Overhead wire
Current collector(s)Pantograph
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)

Initially scheduled to be completed in 2004, the second train was delivered in 2006, starting test running based at JR Shikoku's Tadotsu Works. In March 2007, the train was shipped from the RTRI in Kokubunji to Kokura Works, where it was shown off to the press in May 2007.

Unlike the first train which was of an original design, this train was based on the E3 Series Shinkansen, and included passenger seating in the intermediate car. Maximum speed was 270 km/h (168 mph) on Shinkansen lines operating under 25 kV AC (60 Hz), and 130 km/h (81 mph) on conventional lines operating under 20 kV AC (60 Hz) or 1,500 V DC.[10] It is not known if it could operate under 50 Hz power at either AC voltage.

Formation

The train was formed as shown below, with all cars motored.

Car No. 1 2 3
Designation Mc3 M2 Mc4
Numbering GCT01-201 GCT01-202 GCT01-203
  • Car 2 was fitted with 36 seats, tilting mechanism, and a pantograph.
  • GCT01-201 in September 2012
    GCT01-201 in September 2012
  • GCT01-202 in September 2012
    GCT01-202 in September 2012
  • GCT01-203 in September 2012
    GCT01-203 in September 2012

The end cars were 23,075 mm (75 ft 8.5 in) long, and the intermediate car was 20,500 mm (67 ft 3 in) long.[10]

History

From December 2007, test-running commenced on conventional tracks between Kokura Works and Nishi-Kokura Station.

From June 2009, the train underwent test-running between the Kyushu Shinkansen and conventional narrow gauge tracks, operating at speeds of up to 270 km/h (168 mph) on shinkansen tracks.[11]

In 2011, the train was fitted with new lighter weight "E" bogies to improve stability and ride comfort when negotiating curves or points with radii of less than 600 m (1,969 ft). These replaced the previous "D" bogie design. Late night test running took place at speeds of up to 130 km/h (81 mph) on the Yosan Line from August 2011, with the train based at Tadotsu.[12] Endurance testing was then undertaken from December 2011 until September 2013 on the Yosan Line between Tadotsu and Matsuyama, during which time it covered a distance of approximately 70,000 km (43,496 mi).[13][14]

Withdrawal and preservation

Preserved car GCT01-201 at the Shikoku Railway Heritage Museum in May 2015

Following withdrawal of the set, one end car, GCT01-201, was moved from Tadotsu to Iyo-Saijo in July 2014 for display at the Shikoku Railway Heritage Museum in Saijō, Ehime.[15] The two other cars, GCT01-202 and GCT01-203, were cut up at JR Shikoku's Tadotsu Works in August 2014.[15]

Third-generation train (2014)

Gauge Change Train
The third-generation train, FGT-9000, on test in November 2014
Constructed2014
Number built4 vehicles
Formation4-car set
Specifications
Car length23,075 mm (75 ft 8.5 in) (end cars)
20,500 mm (67 ft 3 in) (intermediate cars)
Width2,945 mm (9 ft 7.9 in)
Height3,650 mm (12 ft 0 in)
Maximum speed270 km/h (170 mph) (shinkansen lines)
130 km/h (80 mph) (narrow gauge lines)
Electric system(s)25 kV AC (60 Hz), 20 kV AC (60 Hz), 1,500 V DC, Overhead wire
Current collector(s)Pantograph
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) – 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)

A third-generation, four-car, train was delivered to Kumamoto Depot in Kyushu in late March 2014,[16] and "three-mode" (standard-gauge - gauge-changing - narrow gauge) endurance testing using a new facility built near Shin-Yatsushiro Station commenced in October 2014.[17] Endurance testing was scheduled to continue until March 2017, accumulating a total distance of 600,000 km (372,823 mi).[17] Testing was suspended in December 2014 after accumulating approximating 33,000 km (20,505 mi), following the discovery of defective thrust bearing oil seals on the bogies.[18]

Formation

The train is formed as shown below, with all cars motored.[19]

Car No. 1 2 3 4
Numbering FGT-9001 FGT-9002 FGT-9003 FGT-9004

Cars 1, 3, and 4 were built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Kobe, and car 2 was built by Hitachi in Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi.[19] Car 2 is equipped with a single-arm current collector.[19] Seating accommodation is provided in car 2, arranged in eleven rows 2+2 abreast.[19]

In June 2017, JR Kyushu revealed that it had abandoned plans to use the GCT on the Nagasaki Shinkansen (opened in 2022) citing reasons of cost and safety.[3]

JR West plans

JR West planned to build a gauge-changing facility at Tsuruga Station as part of a proposal to operate a GCT from there to Osaka in conjunction with the extension of the Hokuriku Shinkansen from Kanazawa to Tsuruga opening in Fiscal 2022. [20] Also starting in fiscal 2014, the company designed and built a new six-car variable-gauge trainset, which was scheduled to be tested from fiscal 2016 on the standard gauge (1,435 mm) Hokuriku Shinkansen and narrow-gauge (1,067 mm) Hokuriku Main Line and Kosei Line.[20] However, as a result of the abandonment of the proposed use of a GCT on the West Kyushu Shinkansen to Nagasaki by JR Kyushu,[citation needed] in August 2018 JR West announced that the proposed GCT between Tsuruga and Osaka had been abandoned.

See also

Further reading

  • Takao, Kikuo; Uruga, Kenichi (August 2003), "Gauge Change EMU Train Outline", Quarterly Report of RTRI, 44 (3): 103–108, doi:10.2219/rtriqr.44.103
  • "New GCT train hampered by speed, weight problems". The Asahi Shimbun: Asia & Japan Watch. The Asahi Shimbun Company. 6 May 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2017.

References

  1. ^ "RTRI REPORT, Vol.14 No.10, October 2000". Japan: Railway Technical Research Institute. 2000. Archived from the original on 17 February 2005. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  2. ^ "Nagasaki Shinkansen line project overhaul likely to prevent delays". Asia & Japan Watch (in Japanese). Japan: The Asahi Shimbun Company. 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b 長崎新幹線、フリーゲージ車両の導入断念 JR九州 [JR Kyushu abandons plans to adopt gauge-changing train for Nagasaki Shinkansen]. Nikkei Shimbun (in Japanese). Japan: Nikkei Inc. 13 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  4. ^ a b c "フリーゲージトレイン開発から今日まで" [The Gauge Change Train and its development to the present day]. Railway Journal. 38 (457). Japan: Tetsudō Journal: 36–37. November 2004.
  5. ^ プロトタイプの世界 - Prototype World. Japan: Kōtsū Shimbunsha. December 2005. pp. 72–75. OCLC 170056962.
  6. ^ 軌間可変電車（フリーゲージトレイン）国内走行試験 在来線130km/h達成 [Free Gauge Train achieves 130 km/h on conventional line in Japanese testing] (in Japanese). Japan: Railway Technical Research Institute. 14 January 2002. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  7. ^ フリーゲージトレイン、12日試験走行. Shikoku News (in Japanese). 10 May 2003. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  8. ^ a b "フリーゲージトレインが新幹線上を初めて走行" [The Gauge Change Train runs on the Shinkansen for the first time]. Railway Journal. 39 (459). Japan: Tetsudō Journal: 92–93. January 2005.
  9. ^ 「フリーゲージトレイン」が甲種輸送される [Gauge Change Train moved]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  10. ^ a b "新形フリーゲージトレイン" [New Gauge-changing Train]. Japan Railfan Magazine. Vol. 47, no. 556. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2007. pp. 86–87.
  11. ^ 下関で車輪幅の変換試験を公開 フリーゲージ電車 [Free Gauge Train gauge-changing demonstrated at Shimonoseki]. Kyodo News (in Japanese). 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  12. ^ "軌間可変電車に新型台車を装着" [Gauge Change Train fitted with new bogies]. Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine. Vol. 40, no. 329. Japan: Kotsu Shimbun. September 2011. p. 65.
  13. ^ FGT耐久走行試験の終了のお知らせ [Completion of FGT endurance testing] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Japan Railway Construction, Transport and technology Agency. 17 September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  14. ^ 軌間可変電車(フリーゲージトレイン)の技術開発に関する技術評価 [Technical evaluation of variable-gauge train (Free gauge Train) technology development] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Saga Prefecture. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  15. ^ a b Uchida, Takao (November 2014). フリーゲージトレイン2次車の解体始まる [Gauge Change Train 2nd-generation set cutting-up starts]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 54, no. 643. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. p. 155.
  16. ^ 「フリーゲージトレイン」3次車が熊本へ [3rd-generation "Free Gauge Train" moved to Kumamoto]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  17. ^ a b Hikaru, Okumasa (20 October 2014). 熊本）フリーゲージトレインの耐久試験を報道陣に公開 [Kumamoto: Free Gauge Train endurance testing shown off to media]. Asahi Shimbun Digital (in Japanese). Japan: The Asahi Shimbun Company. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  18. ^ 九州新幹線のフリーゲージトレイン、欠損が見つかり耐久走行試験を一時休止 [Kyushu Shinkansen Free Gauge Train endurance testing suspended following discovery of defects]. Mynavi News (in Japanese). Japan: Mynavi Corporation. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  19. ^ a b c d フリーゲージトレイン新試験車両 [New experimental free gauge train]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 54, no. 639. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. July 2014. pp. 84–85.
  20. ^ a b "フリーゲージトレイン実験線を開設、JR西" [JR West to build a Gauge Change Train test track]. Tetsudo.com (in Japanese). Japan: Asahi Interactive Inc. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
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