GLONASS-M (Russian: ГЛОНАСС-М), also known as Uragan-M (Russian: Ураган-М) (GRAU index 11F654M given to the first two pilot satellites and 14F113 to the rest) are the second generation of Uragan satellite design used as part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by ISS Reshetnev (Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev), it had its debut launch in 2003, and is in the process of being phased out. Its production finished in 2015 and its last launch was in November 2022. It is an evolution of the previous Uragan (GRAU Index 11F654) second-generation satellites, improving accuracy, increasing power, extending the design life and adding the FDMA L2OF open signal. The last eight Glonass-M spacecraft in production included the new CDMA L3OC open signal.
It used a 3-axis stabilized pressurized bus with two solar panels, a propulsion module and a payload module.[4] At 1,415 kilograms (3,120 lb) these are just 2 kg (4.4 lb) heavier than the previous generation, but have 25% more power 1250 W, 230% more design life (7 years), an additional signal (L2OF) and generally improved accuracy.[1] It uses an on-board computer based on a Russian microprocessor reimplementation of the VAX 11/750 architecture: the Angstrem K1839.[5]
The Uragan-M are usually launched in trios, and due to the close distance, the radios of the three would interfere with each other, meaning that the ground segment can only command one satellite at a time. Setting sun pointing attitude for power and then Earth pointing attitude for communications for a single unit takes about 5 hours. Since the radio contact window with ground control is between 4 and 6 hours, ground control can not control all spacecraft in a single pass. The on-board computer in the Uragan-M can put the spacecraft in sun pointing mode autonomously, and does many of the start up processes so the ground segment can take control and process the Earth pointing mode.[6]
The payload consists of L-Band navigation signals in 25 channels separated by 0.5625 MHz intervals in 2 frequency bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz and 1240 - 1260 MHz. EIRP 25 to 27 dBW. Right hand circular polarized.[7] It transmits the FDMA signals L1OF, L1SF, L2OF and L2SF, with the open L2OF being new to the Uragan series. It uses 3 Cs clocks with a clock stability of 1x10−13 (an 5x improvement over the 5x10−13 clock stability of the previous generation Uragan).[3]
In 2011 ISS Reshetnev announced plans to include the new CDMA signal L3OC, first introduced on Glonass-K series, on Glonass-M satellites flown from 2014; seven of these enhanced models were launched between 2014 and 2022 (s/n 755 to 761).[8]
The first generation Uragan spacecraft were created under ban of foreign radiation-hardened components and thus had been an inferior product with just 3 years of expected design life.[9] Given the realized average life was just 22 months, and the fleet should have 24 spacecraft, it was necessary to launch more than 7 spacecraft per year to keep the fleet in good health.[10] To this end, the Uragan-M was designed, with an increased design life of 7 years, thanks to the availability of ITAR controlled parts.[11][12][13]
On December 1, 2001, a first generation GLONASS satellite Kosmos 2382 with new flight control and power systems was launched. This satellite was incorrectly named Uragan-M in a RIA Novosti news message issued days before the launch. When contacted by Novosti Kosmonavtiki magazine Roscosmos spokesman said all three launched satellites were first generation versions but one of them featured new upgraded flight control and power systems.[14] Novosti Kosmonavtiki also pointed out the fact that GLONASS-M project had been approved on August 20, 2001, just three months before Kosmos 2382 launch. RIA Novosti mistake was widely propagated causing confusion regarding which satellite was the first GLONASS-M satellite.
On December 10, 2003, the first Uragan-M was launched by a Proton-K / Briz-M from Baikonur along two Uragan Block IIv satellites. On December 26, 2004, the second Uragan-M was launched by a Proton-K DM-2, also along two Uragan Block IIv satellites. And on December 25, 2005, two Uragan-M were launched along the last Uragan Block IIv satellites.[15][16]
On December 25, 2006, launched the first trio of only Uragan-M. Two launches by late 2007 meant that six additional Uragan-M were added to the fleet. And another six were successfully launched in 2008. On September 12, 2008 Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed RF Government Resolution on increasing GLONASS Program financing by 67 billion rubles.[15][16] 2009 saw the launch of a single trio of Uragan-M, and with nine spacecraft planned for 2010, full service availability was expected. Regrettably, the third launch, on 5 December 2010, ended in failure, leaving no on-orbit spares.[17]
On October 2, 2011, the first launch of single Uragan-M satellite was performed by a Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat-M which put Kosmos 2474 on orbit from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Another Proton-M launched trio and an additional Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat-M launch put the fleet at full operative capacity with 24 healthy satellites.[18] On April 26, 2013, a Soyuz successfully orbited Kosmos 2485, but the Proton-M mission failed spectacularly taking with it a trio of Uragan-M.[19] During 2014, two satellites were launched by Soyuz in March and June.
On a May 28, 2014 interview, Nikolay Testoyedov — president of ISS Reshetnev — stated that production of GLONASS-M would end in 2015, with GLONASS-K being exclusively produced after that final batch.[20] In a December 14, 2014 interview with GPS World, he stated that while the original idea was to have just two GLONASS-K1 prototypes to be followed by the GLONASS-K2 production, international sanctions limited the supply of radiation resistant electronics. And thus, they had decided to launch an additional nine GLONASS-K1 as fleet replacement while they finished the GLONASS-K2 design.[21] In a May, 2015 presentation, Mr. Testoyedov expected the last GLONASS-M to fly in late 2017.[22] On July 30, 2015, ISS Reshetnev announced that it had completed the last GLONASS-M (No.61) spacecraft and it was putting it in storage waiting for launch, along with an additional eight already built satellites.[23][24] The last production batch (s/n 755+) is an enhanced GLONASS-M that includes an additional transmitter and antenna for the L3OC CDMA signal. After four successful launches until 2019, the last three spacecraft remained in storage and were launched as needed in 2019-2022.[8]
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento Lombardia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Oltrepò mantovanoOltrepò mantuàn Stati Italia Regioni Lombardia Territorio16 comuni della provincia di Mantova Superficie600,41 km² Abitanti83 326 (2021) Lingueitaliano, emiliano (dialet…
Islam menurut negara Afrika Aljazair Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Kamerun Tanjung Verde Republik Afrika Tengah Chad Komoro Republik Demokratik Kongo Republik Kongo Djibouti Mesir Guinea Khatulistiwa Eritrea Eswatini Etiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Pantai Gading Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagaskar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Maroko Mozambik Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome dan Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland Afrika Selatan Sud…
Virga yang jatuh dari Altokumulus. Dalam meteorologi, Virga adalah jalur presipitasi curah hujan vertikal atau miring (garis jatuh) yang menyerang di bawah permukaan awan, yang evaporasi (penguapan) sebelum mencapai permukaan Bumi sebagai pengendapan.[1][2] Hal ini sangat umum terjadi di padang pasir dan di daerah beriklim sedang. Virga muncul seperti ekor atau jejak dari awan yang menggapai permukaan tanah, kadangkala membentuk awan seperti ubur-ubur.[3] Penguapan yang t…
For the municipality of Chihuahua, see Chihuahua Municipality. City in Chihuahua, MexicoChihuahua Ją’éłąyá (Lipan Apache)Chihuahua CityCiudad de ChihuahuaCityFrom the top to the left: Quinta Gameros, Cathedral, Angel of the liberty, Puerta de Chihuahua, Federal Palace, Creel House, Skyline of El Palomar Park. FlagSealMotto(s): Valentía, Lealtad, Hospitalidad (Courage, Loyalty, Hospitality)Location in the state of ChihuahuaChihuahuaLocation in MexicoCoordinates: 28°38′13″N …
Le grotte alchemiche sono tre presunti tunnel sotterranei di Torino, in Piemonte. Considerate spesso vere e proprie porte per altre dimensioni parallele dai seguaci dell'occulto, pare fossero luogo di ritrovo di vari parapsicologi, esoterici e alchimisti nei secoli, da cui il nome.[1] Le grotte alchemiche coinciderebbero con la comprovata esistenza di piccoli tratti di antichi passaggi sotterranei sotto il centro storico di Torino, fatti costruire principalmente da e per antichi apparten…
Equilibrio di Gibbs-Donnan in una membrana cellulare (schema) Effetto Gibbs-Donnan (conosciuto come effetto Donnan o legge di Donnan o equilibrio di Donnan o equilibrio di Gibbs-Donnan) è l'equilibrio passivo (in cui la diffusione di ioni avviene senza utilizzo di energia) a cui arriva un gradiente di specie ioniche separate da una membrana dove una specie non è diffusibile attraverso essa. In altre parole, l'equilibrio di Donnan definisce le condizioni che si creano quando due fasi contenenti…
NGC 2978 الكوكبة السدس[1] رمز الفهرس NGC 2978 (الفهرس العام الجديد)IRAS 09408-0931 (IRAS)MCG-01-25-029 (فهرس المجرات الموروفولوجي)PGC 27808 (فهرس المجرات الرئيسية)IRAS F09408-0931 (IRAS)2MASX J09431675-0944443 (Two Micron All Sky Survey, Extended source catalogue)6dFGS gJ094316.8-094445 (6dF Galaxy Survey)NVSS J094316-094444 (NRAO VLA Sky Survey)PSCz Q09408-0931 (كتالوج PSCz)LEDA 27808 (ل
Grove City College Fundação 1876 Campus Rural 0.73 km2 (180 acres) [1] Página oficial http://www.gcc.edu/ Grove City College ( GCC ) é uma faculdade de artes liberais cristã localizada em Grove City, Pensilvânia .[2] Fundada em 1876 como uma escola normal, a faculdade enfatiza um currículo básico de humanidades e oferece 60 cursos e 6 programas pré-profissionais com graduação em artes liberais, ciências, negócios, educação, engenharia e música.[3] Embora tenha sido associada…
AG8 SP8 Stasiun LRT Plaza RakyatStasiun Angkutan cepat Rute Sentul Timur-Ampang dan Rute Sentul Timur-Sri PetalingLantai peron stasiun Plaza Rakyat.Koordinat3°8′40″N 101°42′5″E / 3.14444°N 101.70139°E / 3.14444; 101.70139PemilikSyarikat Prasarana Negara (2002 – kini); diurus oleh RapidKL.JalurRute Sentul Timur-Ampang dan Rute Sentul Timur-Sri Petaling (1996 – kini)Jumlah peron2 peron sisiJumlah jalur2SejarahDibuka16 Desember 1996Oper…
ETF kan verwijzen naar: European Transport Workers' Federation, een Europese vakbondsfederatie Evangelische Theologische Faculteit Leuven, een instelling voor hoger onderwijs op universitair niveau Exchange-traded fund, een beleggingsfonds dat op de beurs verhandeld wordt ETF Ride Systems, een Nederlands fabrikant van transportsystemen voor darkrides. Bekijk alle artikelen waarvan de titel begint met ETF of met ETF in de titel. Dit is een doorverwijspagina, bedoeld om de…
Опис файлу Опис постер фільму «Ольга Сергіївна» Джерело https://ruskino.ru/mov/839 Час створення 1978 Автор зображення ЦТ СРСР Ліцензія див. нижче Обґрунтування добропорядного використання Обґрунтування добропорядного використання для статті «Ольга Сергіївна» [?] Мета викори
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші географічні об’єкти з назвою Ешленд. Місто Ешлендангл. Ashland Координати 34°49′57″ пн. ш. 89°10′45″ зх. д. / 34.83250000002777824° пн. ш. 89.1792000000277767° зх. д. / 34.83250000002777824; -89.1792000000277767Координати: 34°49′57″ пн. ш. 89°10′45″ зх. д…
Kang Kek IewKang Kek Iew selama persidangannya (2009)Nama asalកាំង ហ្កិច អ៊ាវLahir(1942-11-17)17 November 1942Choyaot, Provinsi Kampong Thom, Indochina PrancisMeninggal2 September 2020(2020-09-02) (umur 77)Phnom Penh, KambojaKebangsaanKambojaNama lainKamerad Duch Hang PinDikenal atasDirektur kamp penjara S-21, Pimpinan SantebalHukuman kriminal30 tahun diperpanjang hingga seumur hidup (2 Februari 2012)Suami/istriChhim Sophal (?-1995)AlasanKejahatan kemanus…
naTematPemilikTomasz Lis, NextWeb Media, Robert JędrzejczykSitus webwww.natemat.plDiluncurkan22 Februari 2012; 11 tahun lalu (2012-02-22) NaTemat.pl (artinya OnTopic) adalah sebuah situs web berbahasa Polandia yang dibuat oleh Tomasz Lis pada 22 Februari 2012.[1] Situs web tersebut meliputi beragam konten yang meliputi peristia terkini, politik, gaya hidup, budaya, masalah sosial dan informasi ekonomi dan olahraga. Setelah tujuh bulan sejak pembentuk naTemat, bos dan kepala penyunt…
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: OZ Group – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (April 2018) OZ Group S.p.A.JenisPerusahaan swastaIndustriOtomotifDidirikan1971PendiriSilvano Oselladore & Pietro ZenKantorpusatSan Martino di Lup…
2008 studio album by BeastBeastStudio album by BeastReleased2008GenreIndietronica, trip hop, electronic rockLength40:54LabelPheromone RecordingsProducerJean-Phi Goncalves Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[1] Beast is the debut album by the Canadian band Beast. The album was made available internationally on iTunes on November 4, 2008. While it has been physically released in Canada, international releases have not been announced.[2] Their self-titled d…
1978 California Secretary of State election ← 1974 November 7, 1978 1982 → Nominee March Fong Eu Jacob Jay Margosian Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 4,104,695 1,982,145 Percentage 62.49% 30.17% County results Fong Eu: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Secretary of State before election March Fong Eu Democratic Elected Secretary of State March Fong Eu Democratic Elections …
Kelmscott House Listed Building – Grade II*Official nameKelmscott HouseDesignated17 June 1954Reference no.1193040 Kelmscott House is Grade II* listed[1] Georgian brick mansion at 26 Upper Mall in Hammersmith, overlooking the River Thames. Built in about 1785, it was the London home of English textile designer, artist, writer and socialist William Morris from 1878 to 1896.[2] Originally called The Retreat, Morris renamed it after the Oxfordshire village of Kelmscott, where …
American freestyle wrestler (born 1995) For other people with the same name, see Kyle Snyder (disambiguation). Kyle SnyderKyle Snyder for the President’s Council on Sports, Fitness & NutritionFull nameKyle Frederick SnyderWeight97 kg (214 lb)Born (1995-11-20) November 20, 1995 (age 28)Woodbine, Maryland, U.S.High schoolOur Lady of Good Counsel (MD)State championships3 (Maryland)CollegeOhio State UniversityPrep National Championships3NCAA championshipsDivision I3 individ…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. AGM-183 ARRW (Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon) adalah senjata hipersonik yang direncanakan untuk digunakan oleh Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat. Dikembangkan oleh Lockheed Martin, senjata boost glide didorong ke kecepatan maksimum lebih dari Mach 20 ole…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.149.26.83