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Frybread
Type	Flatbread
Place of origin	North America
Created by	Native Americans
Main ingredients	Dough, leavening agent, fat (oil, shortening, or lard)
Other information	State bread of South Dakota
	Media: Frybread;

Frybread (also spelled fry bread) is a dish of the indigenous people of North America that is a flat dough bread, fried or deep-fried in oil, shortening, or lard.

Made with simple ingredients, generally wheat flour, water, salt, and sometimes baking powder, frybread can be eaten alone or with various toppings such as honey, jam, powdered sugar, venison, or beef. It is the base for Indian tacos.

Frybread has a complex cultural history that is inextricably intertwined with colonialism and displacement of Native Americans. The ingredients for frybread were provided to Native Americans to prevent them from starving when they were moved from areas where they could grow and forage their traditional foods to areas that would not support their traditional foods. Critics see the dish as both a symbol of colonization and a symbol of resilience.

History

According to Navajo tradition, frybread was created in 1864 using the flour, sugar, salt and lard that was given to them by the United States government when the Navajo, who were living in Arizona, were forced to make the 300-mile journey known as the "Long Walk" and relocate to Bosque Redondo, New Mexico, onto land that could not easily support their traditional staples of vegetables and beans.^[1] To prevent the displaced Native Americans from starving, the United States government provided a small set of staple food items, which included the ingredients with which to create a simple quick bread which was cooked in a pan of hot lard over coals and became known as frybread.^[1] The food eventually spread to other tribes.^[2] Boarding schools also helped to spread frybread in Native American diets.^[3]

Frybread was named the official state bread of South Dakota in 2005.^[4] That same year, activist Suzan Shown Harjo wrote a piece against frybread in Indian Country Today, calling the dish "emblematic of the long trails from home and freedom to confinement and rations...It's the connecting dot between healthy children and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dialysis, blindness, amputations, and slow death"; critics have accused Harjo of overstating her case and unfairly blaming frybread for problems facing Native Americans.^[1] In 2012 the Phoenix restaurant The Fry Bread House was named an American Classic by the James Beard Foundation.^[5]

Culture and symbolism

Frybread became inextricably intertwined with Native American culture and feelings toward colonialization and displacement, and also with pride in the resilience of a people and culture.^[1]^[2]

According to Smithsonian Magazine, for many Native Americans, "frybread links generation with generation and also connects the present to the painful narrative of Native American history".^[1]

Frybread's significance to Native Americans has been described as complicated^[1] and their relationship with it conflicted.^[6] Although frybread is often associated with "traditional" Native American cuisine, some Native American chefs reject it as a symbol of colonialism. Indigenous chef Sean Sherman calls it "everything that isn't Native American food",^[7] writing that it represents "perseverance and pain, ingenuity and resilience".^[8] Frybread became a symbol of resilience as it was developed out of necessity using government-provided flour, sugar, and lard.^[9] However, indigenous chefs such as Sherman consider it a symbol of colonial oppression,^[9] as the ingredients were being provided because the government had moved the people onto land that could not support growing traditional staples like corn and beans.^[1]^[10]

The journalist and documentary filmmaker Patty Talahongva, who identifies as Hopi of the Corn Clan, calls frybread "Die Bread" and associates it with diseases endemic to Native Americans, including gallbladder disease, diabetes, and more. She attributes the spread of frybread to boarding schools, like the Phoenix Indian School, which she attended in the late 1970s. She also describes the movement toward indigenous food sovereignty, which promotes healthy foods like corn, beans, and squash, instead of starchy, high-fat foods like frybread.^[3]

Preparation and serving

A typical frybread recipe consists of flour, water, salt, a small amount of oil or lard, and sometimes baking powder or more rarely yeast.^[5] The ingredients are mixed and worked into a simple dough, and covered with a cloth for 30 minutes to an hour, until the dough rises. It is then formed into small balls, and are either rolled or pulled into flat discs prior to frying in hot oil.^[1]

It is served both in homes and at gatherings such as pow-wows and potlatches as well as at state fairs and other festivals.^[11] The way it is served varies from region to region and different tribes have different recipes. It can be found in its many ways at state fairs and pow-wows, but what is served to the paying public may be different from what is served in private homes and in the context of tribal family relations.

They may be eaten plain, salted, or with sugar or honey, or as a base for Navajo tacos.^[2]

In popular culture

Frybread, and the phrase "Frybread Power", is featured in Sherman Alexie's 1998 film Smoke Signals. Characters are frequently seen eating, frying, or discussing the bread's taste and cultural importance.^[1]^[12]
Keith Secola features it in his song Fry Bread.^[1]
A fictional frybread contest formed the plotline for the 2012 mockumentary, More Than Frybread.^[13]
Fry Bread: A Native American Family Story is a 2019 picture book by Kevin Noble Maillard and illustrated by Juana Martinez-Neal which in 2020 won the Robert F. Sibert Informational Book Medal and was an honor book in the American Indian Youth Literature Awards.^[14]
A 2021 episode of Reservation Dogs, an Indigenous American television series created by Sterlin Harjo and Taika Waititi for FX Productions, features a character performed by Sten Joddi who is an Indigenous rapper and raps a song called "Greasy Frybread".^[15]
The 2023 film Frybread Face and Me is a Navajo coming-of-age story.

Similar foods

Bannock of the First Nations of Canada shares a similar cultural history with frybread.
Modern Lángos from Hungary is similar to frybread.
The Māori people of New Zealand also have a frybread called parāoa parai.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Miller, Jen (2008). "Frybread". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Navajo frybread is a golden crisp canvas of possibilities". The Takeout. January 23, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Talahongva, Patty (Spring 2018). "No More 'Die Bread': How Boarding Schools Impacted Native Diet and the Resurgence of Indigenous Food Sovereignty". Journal of American Indian Education. 57 (1): 145–53. doi:10.5749/jamerindieduc.57.1.0145. S2CID 158695489.
^ "Official State Foods from NETSTATE.COM". www.netstate.com. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
^ ^a ^b "From the simplest ingredients to the most delicious dishes, Fry Bread House is cooking up a storm". 12news.com. November 28, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
^ Rupp, Rebecca (November 23, 2016). "Native American Cuisine Returns to Its Roots". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ Lam, Francis (November 3, 2017). "Exploring indigenous kitchens of North America with Sean Sherman". www.splendidtable.org. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ Sean Sherman; Beth Dooley (2017). The Sioux Chef's Indigenous Kitchen. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-9979-7.
^ ^a ^b Judkis, Maura (November 22, 2017). "'This is not a trend': Native American chefs resist the 'Columbusing' of indigenous foods". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
^ d'Errico, Peter (July 13, 2017). "(Not) Fry Bread: The Sioux Chef's Indigenous Kitchen". IndianCountryToday.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ Stradley, Linda (April 21, 2015). "Indian Fry Bread and Indian Taco Recipe". What's Cooking America. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
^ ""Smoke Signals," p. 3". www.ejumpcut.org. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
^ McNeel, Jack (March 24, 2012). "More Than Frybread Mockumentary Going Rez to Rez". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012.
^ "Fry Bread". Macmillan. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
^ "What About Your Dad". IMDb.