Frederick G. Donnan

Frederick G. Donnan
CBE FRS FRSE
Frederick G. Donnan CBE FRS FRSE
	Donnan in 1927
Born	Frederick George Donnan; 6 September 1870; Colombo, British Ceylon
Died	16 December 1956 (aged 86); Canterbury, England
Alma mater	Queen's College, Belfast (BA); Leipzig University (PhD)
Known for	Donnan potential; Gibbs–Donnan effect
Awards	FRS (1911); Order of the British Empire (1920); Longstaff Prize (1924); Davy Medal (1928); FRSE (1936);
	Scientific career
Fields	Chemistry
Institutions	University College London; University of Liverpool
Doctoral advisor	Wilhelm Ostwald
Other academic advisors	J. H. van't Hoff
Doctoral students	Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar; Jaroslav Heyrovský

Frederick George Donnan CBE FRS FRSE (6 September 1870 – 16 December 1956) was a Ceylonese chemist who is known for his work on membrane equilibria, and commemorated in the Donnan equilibrium describing ionic transport in cells. He spent most of his career at University College London.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Life

Donnan was born in Colombo, Ceylon, the son of William Donnan, a Belfast merchant, and his wife, Jane Ross Turnley Liggate.^[6] He spent his early life in Ulster.^[1] He was blind in one eye as the result of a childhood accident, and is often shown in profile.^[7] He studied at Queen's College, Belfast gaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1894, then at the University of Leipzig with Wilhelm Ostwald, resulting in a PhD in 1896, followed by research with J. H. van't Hoff.^[1] Donnan then became a research student at University College London, joining the academic staff in 1901.

In 1903, he became a lecturer on organic chemistry at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, followed a chair in physical chemistry at the University of Liverpool in 1906. In 1913, he returned to University College London, where he remained until his retirement, serving as Head of Department from 1928 to 1937.^[1]

He died in Canterbury on 16 December 1956. He was unmarried and had no children.^[1]^[8]

Work

During the First World War, Donnan was a consultant to the Ministry of Munitions, and worked with chemical engineer K. B. Quinan on plants for the fixation of nitrogen, for compounds essential for the manufacture of munitions. It was for this work that Donnan received the CBE in 1920.^[8] It was also during this period that he coined the word aerosol.^[9] He was said to have been "an early enthusiast for the new discipline of chemical engineering", and following the war was closely involved with the company Brunner Mond in the development of a major chemical works at Billingham.^[1]

Donnan's 1911 paper^[10] on membrane equilibrium was important for leather and gelatin technology, but even more so for understanding the transport of materials between living cells and their surroundings.^[8]^[11] It was on this so-called Donnan equilibrium that he frequently was asked to lecture across Europe and America,^[1] and is largely the only scientific research for which he is remembered today. The Donnan equilibrium remains an important concept for understanding ion transport in cells.

Just before World War II, Donnan was active in helping European refugees wanting to flee from the Nazis. Among those he assisted were Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward Teller, who wrote their paper on the Jahn–Teller effect while in London.^[11]

Positions held

Founder member of the Faraday Society and its president from 1924–26.^[1]

Fellow of the Chemical Society and President 1937-39.

President of the British Association of Chemists 1940-41.

Honours

1911 – Fellow of the Royal Society^[1]
1920 – CBE for wartime services
1924 – Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society
1928 – Davy Medal
1936 – Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Donnan received 11 honorary degrees.^[8]

Collections

In 1957 Donnan's family donated his archive to the library at University College London.^[12] The collection contains correspondence, subject files, copies of reports and speeches, and photographic material.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Freeth, F. A. (1957). "Frederick George Donnan. 1870-1956". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 23–26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0003.
^ Goodeve, C. F. (1957). "Prof. Frederick G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S". Nature. 179 (4553): 235–236. Bibcode:1957Natur.179..235G. doi:10.1038/179235a0. PMID 13407689.
^ "Frederick George Donnan". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 53: X003–X004. 1957. doi:10.1039/TF957530X003.
^ http://www.chem.ucl.ac.uk/resources/history/people/donnan.html University College London page on Donnan
^ http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10401616 Picture and signature of Donnan
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
^ UCL webpage F. G Donnan
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d F. A. Freeth (2004). "Donnan, Frederick George (1870–1956), physical chemist". In Watson, K. D (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32860. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Hidy, George M. (1984). Aerosols, An Industrial and Environmental Science. Academic Press, Inc. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-12-347260-1.
^ Donnan, F. G. (1911). "Membranpotentiale bei vorhandensein von nicht dialysierenden Elektrolyte. Ein Beitrag zur physikalische chemischen Physiologie". Z. Elektrochem. 17: 572.
^ ^a ^b "Frederick George Donnan, chemist, 1914". Science and Society. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
^ ^a ^b UCL Special Collections. "Donnan Papers". UCL Archives Catalogue. Retrieved 2 August 2024.