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Frances Eleanor Jarman
Frances Eleanor Jarman
	Portrait of Frances Eleanor Jarman, 1827
Born	8 February 1802; Hull, Yorkshire, England
Died	30 October 1873 (aged 71); Oxford, England
Other names	Frances Eleanor Ternan
Spouse	Thomas Lawless Ternan
Children	Ellen Ternan; Frances Eleanor Trollope; Maria Ternan

Frances Eleanor Jarman (8 February 1802 – 30 October 1873) was an English actress who appeared in Ireland, Scotland, England, America and Canada. She is most known for her daughter's association with author Charles Dickens. Frances' daughter, actress Nelly Ternan, was financially supported by Dickens for most of her adult life, leading to suggestions that Nelly was Dickens' mistress. However, in 2021 author Cora Harrison suggested that Nelly Ternan was in fact Dickens' illegitimate daughter;^[4] a conclusion that historian Brian Ruck arrived at independently in 2022.^[5]

Jarman's second daughter, also named Frances, married the novelist Thomas Adolphus Trollope.

Life

Jarman was born in Hull in 1802. Her mother, Martha Maria Mottershed, was a successful actress and after her marriage she continued to appear and from 1812 she appeared with her daughter. Her father, John Jarman, had been trained as a lawyer, but he worked in Tate Wilkinson's Yorkshire acting company as a prompter whilst his wife appeared in major roles as Maria Errington before her marriage even though her maiden name was Mottershed.^[6]

Jarman was almost immediately part of the cast and she appeared in one role before she was christened. She continued to be employed in juvenile roles.

Thomas Lawless Ternan (1790–1846) husband and father to the Ternans

Whilst she was appearing in Edinburgh she met an Irish actor named Thomas Lawless Ternan and they were married in 1834. They set off immediately on a long working honeymoon and in 1835 she was on a three-year tour of cities in Canada and the United States. There she gave birth to a daughter Frances Eleanor Ternan on board a paddle steamer in Delaware Bay. According to Tom Ternan the tour was a great success making £500 in two nights in Boston.^[7] The Ternans returned to Britain where she found work in major cities before appearing at Drury Lane in 1837 to 1838.^[6] If Frances' daughter, Ellen 'Nelly' Ternan was indeed the daughter of Charles Dickens, then their affair may have taken place while the Ternans were appearing on the London stage. The Ternans' daughters appeared as "Infant Phenomena" on the stage.^[8] Thomas Ternan became the manager of the Theatre Royal in Newcastle upon Tyne where his wife became the lead actress and all of his daughters acted on the stage. Thomas Ternan had a mental breakdown in 1844 and he lived for two years in an asylum in Bethnal Green before he died in 1846.^[7]

In 1865 Charles Dickens was abroad whilst writing Our Mutual Friend with Frances and her daughter Ellen Ternan. Dickens' relationship with the Ternans was not public knowledge, though he travelled openly with them in first class. Dickens had booked three first-class tickets and they boarded the train for London. During the journey there was the Staplehurst rail crash when the train was derailed and some carriages ended up in the river and ten people were killed. Their carriage came close to falling but remained in an unstable condition. Dickens was involved with rescuing several passengers including the Ternans. Dickens made substantial efforts not to give evidence at the following enquiry, keeping the identity of his travelling companions a secret.^[9] Dickens talks of this incident at the end of Our Mutual Friend, but again he fails to mention the full list of who he was travelling with.^[10] Historians had long assumed that it was because Ellen Ternan was his mistress,^[5]^[11] but more recent publications^[4]^[5] have instead suggested that Ellen Ternan was Dickens' illegitimate daughter by Frances. There is little evidence pertaining to the nature of Charles Dickens and Ellen Ternan's relationship because neither Dickens, Ternan, nor Ternan's sisters left any account of the relationship, and they destroyed most correspondence relevant to the relationship. We "simply do not know" asserts the professor of Victorian literature with a special interest in Charles Dickens, Michael Slater, in his 2009 biography of Dickens.^[11]

Jarman died in Oxford in October 1873. Her daughter Maria was an actress, her daughter Frances was a novelist and Ellen is mentioned above.^[8]

References

^ England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975
^ "Deaths". Carlisle Patriot. 14 November 1873. p. 6. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
^ England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1837-1915
^ ^a ^b "SUMMER OF SECRETS: Cora Harrison talks to Crime Time | Crime Time". Retrieved 4 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Illegitimacy in Dickens, and the Riddle of Ellen Ternan, Brian Ruck, p319, The Dickensian, Winter 2022
^ ^a ^b "Jarman, Frances Eleanor" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ ^a ^b Thomas Ternan, John Simkin, Spartacus Educational, retrieved 19 January 2015
^ ^a ^b Frances Eleanor Trollope, Maggie Kopp, Harold Lee Library, retrieved 18 January 2015
^ The Staplehurst Disaster, University of California Santa Cruz, retrieved 18 January 2015
^ Pottier, Celeste Louise (2008). Bodies as Texts, Texts as Bodies. p. 123. ISBN 978-0549712640. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b Slater, Michael (2009). Charles Dickens: a life defined by writing. New Haven: Yale university press. ISBN 978-0-300-11207-8.