Originally known as Fashion 21,[9] the store was founded in Los Angeles on April 16, 1984, by Do Won Chang and Jin Sook Chang, married immigrants from South Korea.[10] The original 900 square feet (84 m2) store[11] was located at 5637 N. Figueroa Street in the Highland Park district of Los Angeles. Funded with $11,000 in savings,[11] designs similar to those seen in South Korea were sold to and targeted at the Los Angeles Korean American community. Merchandise was acquired at wholesale closeouts from manufacturers.[11] with sales totaling $US 700,000 in the store's first year of operation.[12] The Changs later changed the name Fashion 21 to Forever 21 and changed the business model to fast fashion, drawing from trending fashion and selling the items for low prices.[13] Sales were high enough in the first decade that the company added new stores on an average of every six months, largely in malls.[14]
Forever 21 purchased the chain Gadzooks for $33 million in 2005,[8][14] then doubled its number of stores to 400, over the next two years; retail analysts estimated sales growth from $640 million in 2005 to $1 billion in 2006.[14] Unlike its competitors, the company also focused on whole families, rather than teenagers exclusively, and at a typical 25,000 square feet, had significantly larger stores. In 2006, the company opened its 40,000 square-foot showcase store in Pasadena, California, offering women's, men's, and children's clothing, as well as accessories and lingerie. Forever 21 was also operating a website and a number of free-standing For Love accessories stores.[15] The company increased its square footage by 30% in 2007. In April 2008, the Chicago Tribune wrote that, while many retailers were scaling back expansion to adjust for the economy, Forever 21 was "going gangbusters" and expanding at a fast rate: over the prior three years its number of stores had doubled to around 400 worldwide.[13]
In 2011, assets were $1.4 billion and profits were $124 million.[3] That year the company was involved in a number of controversies. The Center for Environmental Health found that 26 retailers and suppliers, including Forever 21, had been selling jewelry containing cadmium, a toxic metal.[15] That September, a settlement payment of $1.03 million and a 0.03% limit on cadmium in jewelry was the result.[15] Also in 2011, several Forever 21 women's shirts were criticized by online users for seeming anti-education and sexist, including one that said "Allergic to Algebra", another that said "Skool sucks", and a third that had "I heart school" on the front and "not ..." on the back.[16] Stating to ABC News that "our intent was not to discredit education," Forever 21 pulled the "Allergic to Algebra" shirt from its website.[16][17] In April 2010, Rachel Kane, a writer and Forever 21 customer created a blog with the domain name WTForever21.com.[18] Kane posted pictures of some Forever 21 items and voiced her opinions about the clothing.[18] The blog's popularity rose after being featured on the Jezebel blog and, in June 2011, the retailer asked the blogger to take the site down or she might face a lawsuit.[18] In September 2012, a lawyer filed a class action lawsuit against Forever 21 after receiving a penny less than original value during a return.[19] According to media reports, to meet the $15,000 threshold in damages for the lawsuit to move forward, the case needed 750,000 other customers to sue as well.[19] Forever 21 declined to comment on the matter, citing pending litigation.[20]
By 2013, there were more than 480 stores and revenue of $3.7 billion.[12] Between 2005 and 2015, international stores jumped from seven to 262.[2] The family-owned company, which including the founders’ daughters, Linda Chang as executive vice president,[21] and Esther Chang as vice president of merchandising,[2] Forever 21's sales peaked in 2015, with $4.4 billion in global sales that year.[11]
Continuing to expand internationally, as of 2016, it had 31 locations in Brazil,[22] although it had recently pulled out of Spain[23] and Belgium.[24] Forever 21 introduced the beauty chain Riley Rose in 2017,[2] and later that year the company opened its 21st store in India.[25] In 2017, revenue was $3.4 billion, a significant drop from the year prior.[26]
2018–2019: competition and bankruptcy
Facing competition from other fast fashion brands,[11] in 2018, it began downsizing its stores during what was dubbed a retail apocalypse.[11][27] It left the Netherlands in January 2018,[24] Thailand in June 2018,[27] and Ireland in late 2018.[28] Forever 21 then pulled out of Taiwan on March 31, 2019.[29] In July 2019, the company was accused of fat shaming when they included weight-loss bars with orders containing plus-sized clothing. Forever 21 apologized, stating the bars were an "oversight."[30]
The global explosion in fast fashion competitors, reputation damage (caused by both labor rights groups and environmentalists), high cost rental locations, and competition from online retail led to a temporary collapse in global operations.[2] In 2019, the company experienced a 32% drop in global sales.[31] Wrote Women's Wear Daily about the bankruptcy, "the company over expanded with too many stores that were too big, and lacked sufficient e-commerce business."[32] On September 29, 2019, Forever 21 filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. To downsize, the company announced that it was ceasing operations in 40 countries[2] and closing a percentage of its 600 stores,[33][34] particularly those in Asia and Europe, and to add focus to the profitable core part of its operations in the U.S.[35][36] and Latin America,[37][38][2] as well as on e-commerce and licensing agreements.[2] Over the next year, it withdrew from Hong Kong,[39] Portugal,[40] Japan,[41][42] and Canada,[43] and closed its website and physical stores in England.[44]
2020–present: SPARC ownership
By January 2020, the company had cut 350 of its 815 international stores under president Alex Ok.[45] That month, Forever 21 relaunched its online store in 30 countries through the e-commerce company Global-e,[46] targeting consumers in Canada, Asia Pacific, and Latin America.[45][47] On February 2, 2020, it was announced that Forever 21 had reached a deal to sell all of its assets for $81 million to Simon Property Group, Brookfield Properties, and brand management firm Authentic Brands Group (ABG).[48] ABG and Simon each acquired 37.5% of the company's intellectual property and operating businesses, while Brookfield acquired 25%.[49] SPARC, a joint venture between Simon Property Group and Authentic Brands Group, took over Forever 21's management after the sale and appointed Daniel Kulle as Forever 21's new CEO.[50] and immediately began expanding Forever 21 in Latin America via licensing deals.[49] The company closed its stores through March 2020 in response to the coronavirus pandemic.[51] ABG appointed IB Group as Forever 21's licensee in Mexico in June 2020.[52][53] That month, it also re-entered the UK and EU markets, opening online stores for British customers.[44] In October it signed a licensing deal with AR Holdings to launch the brand in nine Latin American countries.[52] Among other countries, in early 2020, it pulled out of Guam,[54]South Africa[55] and Lebanon.[56]
In May 2021, Brookfield Property Partners sold its stake in Forever 21 for $63 million.[57] After YM Inc. became the Canadian licensee for Forever 21 in June 2021, Hudson's Bay announced a partnership with Forever 21 in Canada.[35] In August 2021, Forever 21 authorized Lasonic Limited Xusheng Co. Ltd. to manage its operations in China. Women's Wear Daily reported that Forever 21 had also "reentered major e-commerce platforms like Vip.com and Pinduoduo."[58] It had 540 locations by December 2021 and, that month, partnered on product lines with JCPenney, which is also owned by Authentic Brands Group.[5] In December 2021, Forever 21 announced that it had hired Virtual Brand Group to create a metaverse game for the company that allowed players to operate custom fashion stores.[59] Winnie Park was appointed Forever 21's chief executive officer in January 2022.[60] ABG sued Bolt Financial in New York[61] for failure to "deliver promised technology", stating that Forever 21 had lost $150 million in online sales[62] due to a botched rollout of a new e-commerce platform in 2021.[61] ABG described Bolt's software integration with Forever 21's mobile app as "disastrous," with multiple technical issues interfering in purchases.[62] Bolt argued the claims were meritless.[61] In early 2022, Forever 21 collaborated with Hervé Léger,[63]Sports Illustrated, and Barbie.[64] That summer, the company opened a new flagship store in India licensed by Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail.[65] In June 2022, Poetic Brands was granted licensee rights to manufacture, market, and distribute the brand in the United Kingdom and Europe.[6]
In August 2023, Shein and SPARC Group entered into a joint venture where each company acquired a minority stake of the other; Shein acquired about a third of SPARC Group.[66]
Employee relations and safety
In September 2001, the Asian Pacific American Legal Center and the Garment Worker Center, workers’ advocacy groups, filed a lawsuit against Forever 21, charging them of violating labor practice laws.[67] They claimed that 19 contracted employees received less than the minimum wage, that the hours on time cards were reduced, that workers who complained to the state were fired, and that the employees faced sweatshop-like working conditions. Forever 21 denied the accusations, asserting its commitment to fair labor practices and that "none of the workers named in the suit were directly employed by the company".[67] A three-year boycott of Forever 21 was held throughout the United States by the garment workers, with the 2007 documentary film, Made in L.A., capturing the movement.[68][69] The charge was dismissed by U.S. District Court Judge Manuel Real, Forever 21 responded with a defamation suit in 2002,[70] asserting that its reputation and sales were both impacted by the allegations and protests.[70] In response, Kimi Lee, the director of an advocacy groups representing the workers, maintained that the lawsuits had been justified by complaints from 20 workers.[70] Both cases ended in a settlement in December 2004.[71]
Five Forever 21 employees filed a class-action lawsuit in January 2012, alleging that they had not been paid for bag checks and extra work during lunch breaks and the time spent on bag checks.[72] After the Labor Department found that some of Forever 21's suppliers had violated various federal laws on wages and record-keeping, a subpoena was ordered in August 2012.[73] U.S. District Court Judge Margaret Morrow ordered Forever 21's compliance after the retailer failed to provide the documents.[74] The retailer claimed that it tried to meet with the Labor Department and that it had provided the requested information.[73] In July 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommended fines in excess of $100,000 for three different retail locations in Northern New Jersey and Manhattan for "serious safety hazards" for which they had been cited since 2010.[75]
Licensing disputes
The company has faced a number of intellectual property lawsuits for its designs.[76][77] In response, in 2007, Forever 21 described its design process as proprietary, noting it employed no designers, only "very savvy designer merchants" who were not disclosed, and that it worked with "many" suppliers and did not always know where those suppliers' ideas originated. Forever 21 is known for completely changing merchandise every six to eight weeks to account for new fashion trends. The New York Times noted in 2007 that "while it takes a designer like Marc Jacobs or Michael Kors several months to get clothes into stores after their debut on the runways, Forever 21 delivers interpretations of the same looks within six weeks."[14] Critics such as Susan Scafidi, an expert in copyright law in 2011, question Forever 21's design process and argue that it is replicating the designs of others.[69] CEO Chang said that some of their merchants had disappointed him after he had "overly trusted people" on their designs.[69]
By October 2007, lawsuits numbered over 20,[78] with Trovata, Anna Sui, Harajuku Lovers and Diane von Fürstenberg Studio all filing suits against Forever 21 that month.[79][77] At the time, Von Furstenberg had been lobbying Congress to expand standing copyright statutes to protect clothing designs. However, The New York Times then noted that "[2007 American law] does not protect clothing design from being copied (logos are an exception)," opining the lawsuits would be unlikely to end in verdicts against Forever 21.[14][78] In 2007, Forever 21 was "permanently enjoined from duplicating DVF designs".[79] The Trovata case was the only instance where the case was brought to a jury. After a mistrial, where five jury members sided with Trovata and one with Forever 21,[77] Forever 21 settled before it could go to retrial.[80] in May 2009.[80] As of 2011, Forever 21 had never been found guilty and the majority of cases had been resolved through settlements.[77] In 2011, the company sent a cease-and-desist letter to the owner of WTForever21.com, a popular blog which posted humorous opinions of the company's products. The letter "incensed online communities and was reported internationally as an example of intimidation by big business".[69]
On 8 January 2015, Canadian media reported on a local, family-owned business in Richmond, British Columbia, Granted Clothing, whose designer noticed that their sweater designs had been stolen and mass-produced for sale on Forever 21's website.[81][82] In April 2015, both parties resolved the matter on "amicable terms", settling out of court.[82] On 28 January 2015, the software developers Adobe, Autodesk and Corel filed a joint lawsuit against Forever 21 for allegedly using unlicensed copies of Photoshop, AutoCAD and PaintShop Pro, respectively.[83] Asking for a jury trial, Forever 21 denied the allegations, accusing Adobe of bullying over online licensing fees, and asserting an "implied" license, as the software came bundled with other products.[84] The case was settled in March 2016.[85] In September 2019, American singer Ariana Grande accused and sued Forever 21 for $10 million for copying her style and likeness by dressing up their models the same way in their photo-shoot from her music video of "7 Rings".[86]
Stores
The brand operates stores in multiple countries.[27] As of May 2022, Forever 21 operated over 600 stores,[87] including, as of July 2022, 407 U.S. stores in 43 states, with the highest densities in California, Texas, Florida, New York, Georgia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.[88] The original store in Los Angeles remained in operation until 2020, bearing the chain's original name.[10] Outside of the United States, most of its stores are franchised or, in some markets, operated as joint ventures with local partners. The average store size is 38,000 square feet (3,500 m2).[4]
Hermann Carl VogelHermann Carl VogelLahir3 April 1841Leipzig, negara bagian Saxony.Meninggal13 Agustus 1907Potsdam, German EmpireKebangsaanJermanDikenal atasAstronomical spectroscopyKarier ilmiahBidangAstronomiInstitusiObservatorium Potsdam Hermann Carl Vogel (3 April 1841 – 13 Agustus 1907) adalah seorang astronom Jerman. Dia dilahirkan di Leipzig, negara bagian Saxony. Dia adalah salah seorang pionir penggunaan spektroskop dalam astronomi, dan menggunakan istrumen ini dalam menganalisis ...
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang Tokoh agama dari Bogor. Untuk Tokoh pujangga Sunda, lihat Hasan Mustapa. Abuya Kiai HajiHasan MustofaLukisan Abuya CilemberGelarAbuyaNama lainAbuya CilemberMama CilemberKebangsaan IndonesiaEtnisSunda dan BantenWilayah aktifJawa BaratJabatanPendiri Pondok Pesantren Darul Huda Cilember, Cisarua, BogorFirkahSunniMazhab FikihSyafi'iMazhab AkidahAsy'ariyahMinat utamaNahwu, Sharaf, Balagah, FikihMurid darilihat di bawah Dipengaruhi oleh Ahmad Syathibi al-Qon...
American lawyer and politician Andrew Gregg CurtinCurtin between 1855 and 186515th Governor of PennsylvaniaIn officeJanuary 15, 1861 – January 15, 1867Preceded byWilliam F. PackerSucceeded byJohn W. GearyMember of theU.S. House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania's 20th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1881 – March 3, 1887Preceded bySeth Hartman YocumSucceeded byJohn PattonUnited States Ambassador to Russia In officeOctober 28, 1869 – July 1, 1872PresidentUlysses S. ...
Ministero delle partecipazioni stataliSede del Ministero (fotografata nel 2018) SiglaPPSS Stato Italia TipoMinistero Istituito22 dicembre 1956 daGoverno Segni I Soppresso1994 daGoverno Ciampi SuccessoreMinistero dell'economia e delle finanze SedeRoma IndirizzoVia Sallustiana, 53 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Il Ministero delle partecipazioni statali (sigla PPSS) fu l'organo del Governo italiano addetto alla supervisione e gestione delle partecipazioni statali nell'economia it...
Strait linking Lake Michigan and Green Bay Detail of NOAA Chart #14909 Closer detail of NOAA Chart Porte des Morts, also known as Porte des Mortes, the Door of Death, and Death's Door is a strait linking Lake Michigan and Green Bay between the northern tip of the Door Peninsula and the southernmost of the Potawatomi Islands. At its narrowest reach between Plum Island and the peninsula, the Porte des Morts Passage is about one and one third miles across.[1] The name is French and means...
The grammar of the Russian language Russian grammar employs an Indo-European inflexional structure, with considerable adaptation. Russian has a highly inflectional morphology, particularly in nominals (nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numerals). Russian literary syntax is a combination of a Church Slavonic heritage, a variety of loaned and adopted constructs, and a standardized vernacular foundation. The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one, with some additional characterist...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) مفوض النقل الأوروبي أدينا إيوانا فولان [لغات أخرى] عن المنصب المعين رئيس المفوضية الأوروبية...
2005–2016 geotagging photo sharing service owned by Google PanoramioPanoramio homepageType of sitePhoto sharingAvailable inMultilingualDissolvedNovember 4, 2016; 7 years ago (2016-11-04)OwnerGoogleCreated byJoaquín Cuenca Abela (co-founder)Eduardo Manchón (co-founder)Jose Florido (co-founder)URLwww.panoramio.com CommercialYesRegistrationFreeUsers4.1 millionLaunchedOctober 3, 2005; 18 years ago (2005-10-03)Current statusDefunct Panoramio w...
KepercayaanBangsa Romawi KunoMarcus Aurelius (berkudung toga)mempersembahkan kurban di Kuil Yupiter Amalan dan Akidah Persembahan curahan Votum Kuil Hari raya Ludi Perkabungan Seni rupa Pemujaan kaisar Agama-agama Misteri Ver Sacrum Pemuka Agama Pontifices Augures Vestales Flamines Fetiales Epulones Fratres arvales Dewa-Dewi Dua belas dewa-dewi utama Tridewata Kapitolin Tridewata Aventin Pratala indigitamenta Pertanian Persalinan Kaisar yang dipertuhan: Divus Iulius Divus Augustus Topik Terka...
2017 American science fiction television series Star Trek: DiscoveryLogo for the first and second seasonsGenre Adventure Drama Science fiction Created by Bryan Fuller Alex Kurtzman Based onStar Trekby Gene RoddenberryShowrunners Bryan Fuller Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Alex Kurtzman Michelle Paradise Starring Sonequa Martin-Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Wilson Cruz Anson Mount David Ajala Rachael Ancheril Blu del Barrio Tig Notaro Callum Keith Rennie...
Defunct federal district court United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois(E.D. Ill.)DefunctMap indicating the changing Districts of IllinoisLocationMelvin Price Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse(East St. Louis)More locationsDanvilleCairoBentonAppeals toSeventh CircuitEstablishedMarch 3, 1905AbolishedMarch 31, 1979 The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois (in case citations, E.D. Ill.) is a former federal district court for the state ...
Grotta del CavalloImmagine dell'ingresso della grottaStato Italia Regione Puglia Province Lecce ComuniNardò Altitudine15 m s.l.m. Coordinate40°09′18″N 17°57′36″E40°09′18″N, 17°57′36″E Grotta del Cavallo Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La grotta del Cavallo, o grotta Cavallo, è una grotta naturale costiera calcarea situata nel comune di Nardò, nei pressi della costa ionica salentina, parte di un sistema più ampio di caverne naturali ubicate...
فرديناند هاين (بالألمانية: Jakob Gottlieb Ferdinand Heine) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 9 مارس 1809 هلبرشتات الوفاة 28 مارس 1894 (85 سنة) [1] هلبرشتات مواطنة مملكة بروسيا الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة هومبولت في برلين المهنة عالم طيور اللغات الألمانية تعديل ...
Period of Japanese history (938–947 CE) Part of a series on theHistory of Japan ListPaleolithicbefore 14,000 BCJōmon14,000 – 1000 BCYayoi 1000 BC – 300 ADKofun 300 AD – 538 ADAsuka 538 – 710Nara 710 – 794HeianFormer Nine Years' WarLater Three-Year WarGenpei War 794–1185KamakuraJōkyū WarMongol invasionsGenkō WarKenmu Restoration 1185–1333MuromachiNanboku-chō periodSengoku period 1336–1573Azuchi–Momoyama Nanban tradeImjin WarBattle of Sek...
2022 single by Taylor Swift For the Marlon Roudette song, see Anti Hero (Brave New World). Anti-HeroSingle by Taylor Swiftfrom the album Midnights ReleasedOctober 21, 2022Studio Electric Lady (New York City) Rough Customer (Brooklyn) Sound House (Lakeland, Florida) Genre Pop rock synth-pop Length3:20LabelRepublicSongwriter(s) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Producer(s) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift singles chronology The Joker and the Queen (2022) Anti-Hero (2022) Lavender Haze (2022) Mu...
Genre of novel See also: Historical novel, Historical romance, Historical fantasy, Historical fiction, and Romance novel Not to be confused with Romance novel. How Arthur by the mean of Merlin gat Excalibur his sword of the Lady of the Lake, illustration for Le Morte Darthur, J. M. Dent & Co., London (1893–1894), by Aubrey Beardsley Romance, is a a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents. This genre contrasted with the m...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع واشنطن (توضيح). واشنطن الإحداثيات 30°36′52″N 92°03′30″W / 30.6144°N 92.0583°W / 30.6144; -92.0583 [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1720 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة سانت لاندري خصائص جغرافية المساحة 0.85 ميل مر�...
