Fluctuating selection

Alleles A and B fluctuate in adaptive value over time

Fluctuating selection is a mode of natural selection characterized by the fluctuation of the direction of selection on a given phenotype over a relatively brief period of evolutionary time. For example, a species of plant may come in two varieties: one which prefers wetter soil and one which prefers dryer soil. During a period of wet years, the wet variety will be more fit and produce more offspring, and thereby increase the frequency of wet-preferring plants. If this wet period is followed by drought, the dry variety will be selected for and its numbers will increase. As periods of dryness and wetness fluctuate, so too does selection on dry-preferring and wet-preferring plants. Fluctuating selection is also manifest at the genic level. Consider two alleles, A and B, which are found at the same locus. Fluctuating selection dynamics are at play when selection favors A at time t0, B at t1 and A again at t2.

Fluctuating selection has been characterized by several mathematical models.[1][2][3] Under some circumstances, fluctuating selection may lead to a balanced polymorphism.[4] When two species exert selection on one another, e.g. a host and its parasite, this can lead to fluctuating selection dynamics.[5][6][7]

Red Queen dynamics and the maintenance of sex

The Red Queen hypothesis describes coevolutionary 'arms races' between antagonistic species (predators and prey, parasites and hosts, competitors with overlapping niches), emphasizing competition between species and populations rather than within them. Under Red Queen dynamics, a species must adapt to shifting selection pressures of the ever-changing biota which constitute its environment or face extinction. Experiments in Red Queen environments on real and simulated populations have offered strong support for the maintenance of sexual reproduction despite the two-fold cost of sex.[8][9]

Fluctuating selection may also play an important role in host-parasite coevolutionary relationships, specifically in the maintenance of sex. It has been shown that coevolutionary arms race dynamics between host and parasite give way to fluctuating selection dynamics in a minimal environment.[6] Fluctuating selection in Red Queen environments has been suggested as an explanation for the persistence of sex:

The essence of sex in our theory is that it stores genes that are currently bad but have promise for reuse. It continually tries them in combination, waiting for the time when the focus of disadvantage has moved elsewhere. When this has happened, the genotypes carrying such genes spread by successful reproduction, becoming simultaneously stores for other bad genes and thus onward in continuous succession.[8]

In this conception of sex, the population is a storehouse of variation and sex is a mechanism for distributing old, minority variants once they become useful. This theory depends on fluctuating selection, as fluctuating selection dynamics make adaptive previously maladaptive variants due to ecological shifts.

See also

References

  1. ^ Haldane, J. B. S.; Jayakar, S. D. (1963). "Polymorphism due to selection of varying direction". Journal of Genetics. 58 (2): 237–242. doi:10.1007/BF02986143. ISSN 0022-1333. S2CID 26313306.
  2. ^ Karlin, S.; Lieberman, Uri (1974). "Random temporal variation in selection intensities: Case of large population size". Theoretical Population Biology. 6 (3): 355–382. Bibcode:1974TPBio...6..355K. doi:10.1016/0040-5809(74)90016-1. ISSN 0040-5809. PMID 4460262.
  3. ^ Bell, G. (2010). "Fluctuating selection: the perpetual renewal of adaptation in variable environments". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1537): 87–97. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0150. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2842698. PMID 20008388.
  4. ^ Bertram, Jason; Masel, Joanna (20 March 2019). "Different mechanisms drive the maintenance of polymorphism at loci subject to strong versus weak fluctuating selection". Evolution. 73 (5): 883–896. doi:10.1111/evo.13719. hdl:10150/632441. PMID 30883731. S2CID 83461372.
  5. ^ Hairson, N. G.; Dillon, T. A. (1990). "Fluctuating Selection and Response in a Population of Freshwater Copepods". Evolution. 44 (7): 1796–1805. doi:10.2307/2409508. ISSN 0014-3820. JSTOR 2409508. PMID 28567814.
  6. ^ a b Hall, A. R.; Scanlan, P. D.; Morgan, A. D.; Buckling, A. (2011). "Host-parasite coevolutionary arms races give way to fluctuating selection". Ecology Letters. 14 (7): 635–642. Bibcode:2011EcolL..14..635H. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01624.x. ISSN 1461-023X. PMID 21521436.
  7. ^ Sielpielski, A. M.; DiBattista, J. D.; Evans, J. A.; Carlson, S. M. (2011). "Differences in the temporal dynamics of phenotypic selection among fitness components in the wild". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1711): 1572–1580. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1973. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3081754. PMID 21047862.
  8. ^ a b Hamilton, W. D.; Axelrod, R.; Tanese, R. (1990). "Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 87 (9): 3566–3573. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.3566H. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3566. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 53943. PMID 2185476.
  9. ^ Morran, L. T.; Schmidt, O. G.; Gelarden, I. A.; Parrish, R. C.; Lively, C. M. (2011). "Running with the Red Queen: Host-Parasite Coevolution Selects for Biparental Sex". Science. 333 (6039): 216–218. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..216M. doi:10.1126/science.1206360. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3402160. PMID 21737739.

Read other articles:

Suyoso Karsono

Suyoso KarsonoLahir(1921-07-18)18 Juli 1921 Tanjungpandan, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Hindia BelandaMeninggal26 Oktober 1984(1984-10-26) (umur 63)Jakarta, IndonesiaPekerjaanPemilik sekaligus pendiri dari Irama Record, didirikan 1952Suami/istriBibit Suwarto Karsono (Almarhumah) Suyoso Karsono (18 Juli 1921 – 26 Oktober 1984) atau yang lebih dikenal dengan panggilan Mas Yos adalah pemilik perusahaan musik Irama Record, yang terkenal pada era 60-an. Namanya tidak bisa dipis...

 

Blue–green distinction in language

Overview of the distinction between the words green and blue in various languages Main article: Basic color terms This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Blue–green distinction in l...

 

Trioxyde de rhénium

Trioxyde de rhénium Identification Nom UICPA trioxorhénium Synonymes rhénia No CAS 1314-28-9 No ECHA 100.013.845 No CE 215-228-8 PubChem 102110 SMILES O=[Re](=O)=O PubChem, vue 3D InChI InChI : vue 3D InChI=1S/3O.Re InChIKey : YSZJKUDBYALHQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Apparence poudre ou cristaux rouge sombre à violet[1] Propriétés chimiques Formule O3ReReO3 Masse molaire[2] 234,205 ± 0,002 g/mol O 20,49 %, Re 79,51 %, Susceptibilité magn...

Veddasca

Veddasca abolished municipality in Italy (en) Veddasca (it) Tempat Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaLombardyProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi VareseCommune di ItaliaMaccagno con Pino e Veddasca (en) NegaraItalia PendudukTotal245  (2013 )GeografiLuas wilayah17,21 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian896 m Berbatasan denganCuriglia con Monteviasco Dumenza Maccagno Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore Gambarogno (en) Informasi tambahanKode pos21010 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0...

 

El Al

Flag carrier of Israel This article is about the Israeli airline. For the place in the Golan formerly named EL AL, see Eliad, Golan Heights. EL AL Israel Airlines Ltd. IATA ICAO Callsign LY ELY ELAL[1] Founded1948; 76 years ago (1948)Operating basesBen Gurion AirportFrequent-flyer programMatmid GuestSubsidiariesEL AL CargoSun d'OrFleet size44[2]Destinations48Traded asTASE: ELALHeadquartersBen Gurion Airport, IsraelKey peopleDavid Brodet, ChairmanDin...

 

Charles Coleman Thach

Charles Coleman ThachThach pictured in The Glomerata 1919, Auburn yearbookPresident of Auburn UniversityIn office1902–1920Preceded byWilliam Leroy BrounSucceeded bySpright Dowell Personal detailsBorn(1860-03-15)March 15, 1860Athens, Alabama, USDiedOctober 15, 1921(1921-10-15) (aged 61)Dalton, Georgia, US Charles Coleman Thach (March 15, 1860 – October 3, 1921) was the President of Alabama Polytechnic Institute, now known as Auburn University, from 1902 to 1920.[1] Biography C...

俄亥俄州

  「俄亥俄」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「俄亥俄 (消歧义)」。 俄亥俄州 美國联邦州State of Ohio 州旗州徽綽號：七葉果之州地图中高亮部分为俄亥俄州坐标：38°27'N－41°58'N, 80°32'W－84°49'W国家 美國加入聯邦1803年3月1日，在1953年8月7日追溯頒定（第17个加入联邦）首府哥倫布（及最大城市）政府 • 州长（英语：List of Governors of {{{Name}}}]]） •&...

 

美国众议院

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2021年7月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：美国众议院 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 美國眾議院 United States House of Representatives第118届美国国会众议院徽章 众议院旗...

 

Taiwanese rock

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Taiwanese rock – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable sec...

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

Філософія

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій�...

 

Cell signaling

System of communication For the journal, see Cellular Signalling. In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, the receptor, and the effector.[citation needed] In biology, signals are mostly chemical in nature, but ca...

Day County, South Dakota

County in South Dakota, United States County in South DakotaDay CountyCountyFirst National Bank (Webster, South Dakota)Location within the U.S. state of South DakotaSouth Dakota's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 45°22′N 97°37′W / 45.37°N 97.61°W / 45.37; -97.61Country United StatesState South DakotaFounded1880Named forMerritt H. DaySeatWebsterLargest cityWebsterArea • Total1,091 sq mi (2,830 km2) • Land1,028...

 

List of non-marine molluscs of Tunisia

Location of Tunisia topography of Tunisia The non-marine molluscs of Tunisia are a part of the molluscan fauna of Tunisia (wildlife of Tunisia). A number of species of non-marine molluscs are found in the wild in Tunisia. Freshwater gastropods Neritidae Theodoxus meridionalis (Philippi, 1836) [1] Hydrobiidae Belgrandiella nana (Terver, 1839) [2] Belgrandiellopsis chorfensis Khalloufi, Bejaoui & Delicado, 2020 - endemic to Tunisia[3] Belgrandiellopsis secunda Khall...

 

Andrea Minasso

Questa voce sull'argomento ciclisti italiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Andrea MinassoNazionalità Italia Ciclismo SpecialitàStrada Termine carriera1939 CarrieraSquadre di club 1929V.C. Lancia Torino1930-1932U.S. Pro Dronero1931 Gloria1932U.S. Milanese1933G.S. Biagio Nazzaro Torino1934individuale1935S.S. Italia Tolone1936individuale1937S.S. Italia Tolone1938-1946individu...

Muhamad Muchidin

Muhamad Muchidin Pa Sahli Tk. III Bid. Wassus & LH Panglima TNIMasa jabatan4 November 2022 – 29 Maret 2023PendahuluMochamad Syafei KasnoPenggantiPuji CahyonoInspektur Komando Daerah Militer XVI/PattimuraMasa jabatan21 Januari 2022 – 4 November 2022PendahuluDwi DarmadiPenggantiDadang Rukhiyana Informasi pribadiLahir26 Juni 1968 (umur 56)Cimahi, Jawa BaratAlma materAkademi Militer (1992)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa din...

 

1887 New Zealand general election

General election in New Zealand 1887 New Zealand general election ← 1884 7 (Māori) & 26 (general) September 1887 1890 → ← outgoing memberselected members →All 95 seats in the New Zealand House of Representatives 48 seats were needed for a majorityTurnout67.1%   First party Second party   Leader Harry Atkinson Robert Stout Party Conservatives Stout–Vogelites Leader since 1883 1884 Leader's seat Egmont Dunedin East (lost sea...

 

Body of water

Any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface For other uses, see Body of water (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Body water. The Aubach, a watercourse in Germany A fjord (Lysefjord) in Norway. A body of water or waterbody[1] is any significant accumulation of water on the surface of Earth or another planet. The term most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A ...

Stephen II of Constantinople

Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 925 to 928 Patriarch Stephen II redirects here. For other uses, see Stephen II of Antioch. Stephen II of ConstantinopleEcumenical Patriarch of ConstantinopleLead seal of Stephen, Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome, either of Stephen I or of Stephen IIInstalled925Term ended928Personal detailsDenominationChalcedonian Christianity Stephen II of Amasea (Greek: Στέφανος Stefanos; died 19 July 928) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople...

 

ساندور بوهل

ساندور بوهل (بالمجرية: Puhl Sándor)‏  معلومات شخصية الميلاد 14 يوليو 1955   ميشكولتس[1]  تاريخ الوفاة 20 مايو 2021 (65 سنة) [2]  سبب الوفاة مرض فيروس كورونا 2019[3]  الجنسية المجر  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   ساندور بوهل (بالمجرية: Puhl Sándor)‏، من مواليد 14 يوليو 1955، حكم كرة ...