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Fiq

فيق
Fiq فيق
Town
	Ruins at Fiq
	Fiq Location of Fiq in Syria
	Coordinates: 32°46′N 35°42′E / 32.77°N 35.7°E
Country	Golan Heights, internationally recognised as Syrian territory occupied by Israel. See Status of the Golan Heights.
Israeli District	Northern District
Israeli Subdistrict	Golan
Syrian Governorate	Quneitra Governorate
Syrian District	Fiq District
Population (1967)	2,800
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)

Fiq (Arabic: فيق) was a Syrian town in the Golan Heights that administratively belonged to Quneitra Governorate.^[2] It sat at an altitude of 349 meters (1,145 ft) and had a population of 2,800 in 1967. It was the administrative center of the Fiq District,^[2] the southern district of the Golan.^[1] Fiq was evacuated during and after the Six-Day War in June 1967. The Israeli settlement of Kibbutz Afik was built close by.^[2]

History

Fiq was an ancient town covering about 100 dunams on a tell (archaeological mound).^[3] The surveys and limited excavations undertaken at the site have produced a small number of sherds from the Middle Bronze Age II, Hellenistic, and Middle Roman periods, whereas most of the finds were dated to the Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid and Mamluk periods.^[4]

Late antiquity

Fiq was identified by the 4th-century writer Eusebius with biblical Aphek.^[5]

During late antiquity, Fiq had a mixed population of Christians, Jews and pagans. Many inscriptions in Latin and Greek have been found at the site.^[3] One of these inscriptions may allude to a Psalm passage, and another, engraved on basalt and thought to have been a part of a church or chapel dedication, mentions a bishop, a presbyter, and a deacon.^[6] Jewish presence at Aphek is attested by Mishnaic and Talmudic sources.^[5]

One notable discovery from Fiq is a column adorned with a seven-branched menorah and bearing the inscription, "I am Judah the cantor," in Aramaic.^[5]^[6] It is thought that this column once stood in a local synagogue of the Byzantine period. After being discovered for the first time in Fiq during the 19th century, it vanished for several decades before being rediscovered by Israeli soldiers in a Syrian cemetery close to Quneitra. Today, it is on display at the Golan Archeological Museum.^[6]

Early Muslim period

9th-century historian Al-Baladhuri lists Aphek among the villages and forts captured during the Arab conquest in 638 CE.^[5] In the 11th century, Yaqut mentioned Aphek in his geography and lamented the fact that residents now called it "Fiq."^[5]

Fiq was located on one of the few routes connecting the Galilee and the Golan Heights, all part of the vital network of roads between Egypt and Syria. The lower part of the road followed the "Ascent of Fiq" (Arabic: 'Aqabat Fiq).^[7] Once it reached the plateau, the road passed through different villages, the branch going through Fiq leading eastwards to the Hauran region rather than northeastwards to Damascus.^[7]

An inscription found near Fiq dating to 692 credits the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705) and his uncle Yahya ibn al-Hakam for levelling the "aqaba" (presumably Aqabat Fiq) for the inauguration of a new road connecting the Umayyad capital Damascus with Jerusalem.^[8] It is the oldest known Arabic inscription acknowledging the building of a road during the Islamic period.^[8]

Ayyubid period

The Ayyubids built a caravanserai at Aqabat Fiq in the early 13th century called Khan al-'Aqabah, whose ruins are still visible.^[7] Around 1225, during Ayyubid rule, the Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi noted that the convent of Dayr Fiq was much venerated by Christians and still frequented by travellers.^[9]

Ottoman period

In 1596, Fiq appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as part of the nahiya of Jawlan Garbi in the Qada of Hauran. It had an entirely Muslim population consisting of 16 households and nine bachelors. Taxes were paid on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats or beehives.^[10]

19th century

In 1806, the German explorer Seetzen found that Fiq had 100 houses made of basalt, four of them were inhabited by Christians and the rest by Muslims.^[11] In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin found that Fiq was divided into four quarters, each administered by its sheik. Most of the homes contained remnants of ancient buildings. The village had abundant fresh water.^[12] When Gottlieb Schumacher surveyed the area in the 1880s, he described Fiq as a large village with about 400 people. It had around 160 "tolerably" well-built stone houses, but only 90 were inhabited.^[13]

1967 war

At the time of its depopulation in 1967, the town had a population of approximately 2,800.^[1] After Israel occupied the area in the Six-Day War, they began destroying Syrian villages in the Golan Heights.^[14] Fiq was destroyed in 1967.^[15]

Archaeology and possible mention in the Bible

The name Aphek refers to one or several locations mentioned by the Hebrew Bible as the scenes of several battles between the Israelites and the Arameans. Most famously, a town near which one or more rulers of Damascus named Ben-hadad, were defeated by the Israelites and in which the Damascene king and his surviving soldiers found a safe place of retreat (1 Kings 20:26–30; 2 Kings 13:17, 24-25).

Since the turn of the 20th century, the predominant opinion is that the location of all these battles is the same and that the town lies east of the Jordan. Initially, it was thought that the name is preserved in the now depopulated village of Fiq near Kibbutz Afik, three miles east of the Sea of Galilee, where an ancient mound, Tel Soreg, had been identified. Excavations by Moshe Kochavi and Pirhiya Beck in 1987-88 have indeed discovered a fortified 9th- and 8th-century BCE settlement, probably Aramean, but Kochavi considered it to be too small to serve the role ascribed to Aphek in the Bible.^[16]^[17] The site most favoured now by the archaeologists is Tel 'En Gev/Khirbet el-'Asheq, a mound located within Kibbutz Ein Gev, with remains of an Iron Age town and of the Roman-period village of Apheka.^[18] The Late Roman village, however, is identified with Fiq on the plateau above.^[18]

Notable people

Hatem Ali, Syrian actor born in Fiq in 1962^[19]
Hussein al-Sharaa, Syrian economist and Arab nationalist activist, father of current de-facto leader of Syria, Ahmed al Sharaa

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Kipnis 2013, p. 244
^ ^a ^b ^c Urman & Flesher 1998, p. 578
^ ^a ^b Dauphin 1998, p. 722
^ "Afiq (square 40, site 95)". Israel Antiquities Authority Survey WebSite. Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). Retrieved July 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gregg, Robert C. (2000). "Marking Religious and Ethnic Boundaries: Cases from the Ancient Golan Heights". Church History. 69 (3). Cambridge University Press: 519–557. doi:10.2307/3169396. ISSN 1755-2613. JSTOR 3169396. S2CID 162280164.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nemlich, Shlomit; Killebrew, Ann E. (1988). "Rediscovering the Ancient Golan – The Golan Archeological Museum". The Biblical Archaeology Review. 14 (6): 54–64.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sharon 2004, p. 217
^ ^a ^b Sharon 2004, pp. 104–105
^ Le Strange 1890, p. 429.
^ Hütteroth & Abdulfattah 1977, p. 196.
^ Seetzen 1854, p. 353.
^ Guérin 1880, pp. 314-5 ff.
^ Schumacher 1888, p. 136-7 ff.
^ Sulimani & Kletter 2022, pp. 55–56
^ Sulimani & Kletter 2022, p. 50
^ The Golan Heights: A Battlefield of the Ages, Nicolas B. Tatro for LA Times, 11 September 1988.
^ Hasegawa 2012, p. 72.
^ ^a ^b Negev & Gibson 2001, p. 39
^ "Funeral of late director Hatem Ali escorted to his final resting place in Damascus". Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA). January 1, 2021.

Bibliography

Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III: Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress.
Davis, U. (1983), "The Golan Heights under Israeli occupation 1967-1981" (PDF), Occasional Papers Series, 18, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, Durham University, ISSN 0307-0654
Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
Hasegawa, Shuichi (2012). "Aram and Israel during the Jehuite Dynasty: Tel Soreg". Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 434. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 72. ISBN 9783110283488. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
Hütteroth, W.-D.; Abdulfattah, K. (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten. Vol. Sonderband 5. Erlangen: de:Fränkische Geographische Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
Kipnis, Yigal (2013). The Golan Heights. London and New York: Routledge. p. 244.
Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Negev, A.; Gibson, S., eds. (2001). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York and London: Continuum. p. 39. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
Pringle, D. (2009). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume IV The cities of Acre and Tyre with Addenda and Corrigenda to Volumes I-III. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85148-0. (pp. 240–241)
Schumacher, G. (1888). The Jaulân: Surveyed for the German Society for the Exploration of the Holy Land. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108017565.
Seetzen, U.J. (1854). Fr. Kruse (ed.). Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan-Länder, Arabia Petraea and Unter-Aegypten. Vol. 1. Berlin: G. Reimer. p. 353.
Sharon, M. (2004). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. III, D-F. Brill. ISBN 9004131973. (p. 206)
Sharon, M. (2007). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Addendum. Brill. ISBN 978-9004157804. (p. 93)
Sulimani, Gideon; Kletter, Raz (2022). "Settler-Colonialism and the Diary of an Israeli Settler in the Golan Heights: The Notebooks of Izhaki Gal". Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies. 21 (1). Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.3366/hlps.2022.0283. ISSN 2054-1988.
Urman, Dan; Flesher, Paul Virgil McCracken (1998). Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Discovery. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-11254-4. OCLC 42882859.

32°46′N 35°42′E / 32.767°N 35.700°E / 32.767; 35.700

[Kipnis-1] Kipnis 2013, p. 244

[Urman578-2] Urman & Flesher 1998, p. 578

[Dauphin-3] Dauphin 1998, p. 722

[IAA-4] "Afiq (square 40, site 95)". Israel Antiquities Authority Survey WebSite. Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). Retrieved July 23, 2022.

[Gregg-5] Gregg, Robert C. (2000). "Marking Religious and Ethnic Boundaries: Cases from the Ancient Golan Heights". Church History. 69 (3). Cambridge University Press: 519–557. doi:10.2307/3169396. ISSN 1755-2613. JSTOR 3169396. S2CID 162280164.

[Nemlich-6] Nemlich, Shlomit; Killebrew, Ann E. (1988). "Rediscovering the Ancient Golan – The Golan Archeological Museum". The Biblical Archaeology Review. 14 (6): 54–64.

[Sharon217-7] Sharon 2004, p. 217

[Sharon104-8] Sharon 2004, pp. 104–105

[FOOTNOTELe_Strange1890[httpsarchiveorgstreampalestineundermo00lestuoftpage429mode1up_429]-9] Le Strange 1890, p. 429.

[FOOTNOTEHütterothAbdulfattah1977196-10] Hütteroth & Abdulfattah 1977, p. 196.

[FOOTNOTESeetzen1854353-11] Seetzen 1854, p. 353.

[FOOTNOTEGuérin1880[httpsarchiveorgstreamdescriptiongogr01unkngoogpagen327mode2up_314-5]_ff-12] Guérin 1880, pp. 314-5 ff.

[FOOTNOTESchumacher1888[httpsarchiveorgstreamjaulnsurveyedfo00schugoogpagen155mode2up_136-7]_ff-13] Schumacher 1888, p. 136-7 ff.

[14] Sulimani & Kletter 2022, pp. 55–56

[15] Sulimani & Kletter 2022, p. 50

[16] The Golan Heights: A Battlefield of the Ages, Nicolas B. Tatro for LA Times, 11 September 1988.

[FOOTNOTEHasegawa201272-17] Hasegawa 2012, p. 72.

[Negev-18] Negev & Gibson 2001, p. 39

[19] "Funeral of late director Hatem Ali escorted to his final resting place in Damascus". Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA). January 1, 2021.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Fiq, Syria

History

Late antiquity

Early Muslim period

Ayyubid period

Ottoman period

19th century

1967 war

Archaeology and possible mention in the Bible

Notable people

References

Bibliography

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