It is named after the Boulevard des Filles du Calvaire, which is named after the Calvairiennes or Filles du Calvaire (Daughters of Calvary), who were an order of reformed Benedictine sisters. Antoinette d'Orléans and Père Joseph founded the order in Poitiers, in 1617. The convent was later moved to Paris before it was closed in the French Revolution.
Although named after the boulevard, it is located just north of it, under the Boulevard du Temple.