Ficus auriculata

Roxburgh fig
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Genus: Ficus
Subgenus: F. subg. Sycomorus
Species:
F. auriculata
Binomial name
Ficus auriculata
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Covellia macrophylla (Roxb. ex Sm.) Miq.
    • Ficus beipeiensis S.S.Chang
    • Ficus hainanensis Merr. & Chun
    • Ficus hamiltoniana Wall.
    • Ficus imperialis G.W.Johnson & R.Hogg
    • Ficus macrocarpa H.Lév. & Vaniot
    • Ficus oligodon Miq.
    • Ficus pomifera Wall. ex King
    • Ficus regia Miq.
    • Ficus rotundifolia Roxb.
    • Ficus roxburghii Wall. ex Steud.
    • Ficus sclerocarpa Griff.
    • Tremotis cordata Raf.

Ficus auriculata (the Roxburgh fig, Elephant ear tree) is a type of fig tree, native to subtropical and tropical mainland Asia.[2] It is noted for its big and round leaves and edible fruit.

Description

This plant is a small tree of 5–10 m (16–33 ft) high with numerous bristle-covered branches. The leaves are big and round, and are up to 44 cm (17 in) long and 45 cm (18 in) wide, with cordate or rounded base, acute apex, and 5–7 main veins from the leaf base. Its petioles are up to 15 cm (6 in) long, and it has stipules of about 2.5 cm (1 in) long. The plant has oblate syconium that are up to 4 cm (1.6 in) wide, covered with yellow pubescence, and emerge from the trunk or old branches of the tree.[3][4] Ficus auriculata is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.[5] On ripening, the fruits turn from light yellow to purple. The fruit is a fleshy receptacle. The fruits form as large clusters on the trunk, on branches and also on the roots.[6]

Fruit extracts contain many phenolic compounds (Gaire et al. 2011).[7]

Taxonomy

It was first published by Portuguese Botanist João de Loureiro (1717–1791), in Fl. Cochinch. on page 666 in 1790.[2]

It is commonly known as the Roxburgh fig,[8] which is named after botanist William Roxburgh, who was appointed Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Gardens by the East India Company in 1793. Experiments carried out on fruiting Ficus auriculata trees at the Calcutta Botanic Gardens by the then Superintendent George King and his Botanic Garden colleagues described in King in 1897 which was the first detailed explanation of how the dioecious figs were pollinated by fig wasps which bred in the figs of male trees and then flew to female fig trees to pollinate the female figs.[9] It is also known as Elephant Ear Fig Tree, Elephant Ear Tree and Giant Indian Fig, due to the leaves, as auricle is the Latin word for ear, referring to the two 'ears' at the base of heart shaped leaf.[6]

Distribution

The native range of this species stretches from north-eastern Pakistan to southern China and the Malaysian peninsula. It is found in the countries (and regions) of Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, southern China, East and West Himalaya, Hainan, India, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Tibet and Vietnam.[2]

Habitat

It grows in forests in moist valleys,[3] growing along stream banks.[6]

Ecology

Ceratosolen emarginatus is an insect that helps to pollinate this plant.[10][11]

Uses

The fresh fruit of this plant is consumed as food, and has diuretic, laxative and digestive regulating properties.[4] Ficus auriculata is used as fodder in Nepal. It is least resistant to fire, but likes good sunlight.[12]

The large leaves, often up to 21 in (533.4 mm) long and 12 in (304.8 mm) wide are used as plates.[6]

Plant problems

The tree is susceptible to scale. It also has minor issues with gall, mealy bugs, thrips, whitefly, and spider mite.[6]

  • Fruit emerging from trunk and branches
    Fruit emerging from trunk and branches
  • Leaf of elephant ear fig
    Leaf of elephant ear fig
  • Fruit
    Fruit
  • Leaf
    Leaf
  • Fruit
    Fruit
  • Seeds
    Seeds

References

  1. ^ Shao, Q.; Zhao, L.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Ficus auriculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T147637124A147637126. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147637124A147637126.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Ficus auriculata Lour. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b "29. Ficus auriculata". Flora of China.
  4. ^ a b Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-9745240896.
  5. ^ Kuaraksa, Cherdsak; Elliott, Stephen; Hossaert-Mckey, Martine (2012). "The phenology of dioecious Ficus spp. Tree species and its importance for forest restoration projects". Forest Ecology and Management. 265: 82–93. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.022.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Ficus auriculata (Elephant Ear Fig Tree, Elephant Ear Tree, Giant Indian Fig, Roxburgh fig) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  7. ^ Gaire, B.P.; Lamichhane, R.; Sunar, C.B.; Shilpakar, A.; Neupane, S.; Panta, S. (2011). "Phytochemical screening and analysis of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Ficus auriculata (Lour.) stem bark". Pharmacognosy Journal. 3 (21): 49–55.
  8. ^ NRCS. "Ficus auriculata". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  9. ^ King, George (1888). The species of Ficus of the Indo-Malayan and Chinese countries. Calcutta: Bengal secretariat press. pp. 67–185.
  10. ^ LI Zong-Bo; YANG Pei; PENG Yan-Qiong; YANG Da-Rong (2012). "Distribution and ultramorphology of antennal sensilla in female Ceratosolen emarginatus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), a specific pollinator of Ficus auriculata". Acta Entomologica Sinica. 55 (11): 1272–1281.
  11. ^ van Noort, S.; Rasplus, J.-Y. (2018). "Ficus auriculata Loureiro, 1790". Figweb. Iziko Museums of South Africa.
  12. ^ "Ficus auriculata". ForestryNepal. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-24.

Read other articles:

Gammelsdorf

Gammelsdorf Lambang kebesaranLetak Gammelsdorf di Freising NegaraJermanNegara bagianBayernWilayahOberbayernKreisFreisingMunicipal assoc.Mauern Pemerintahan • MayorPaul BauerLuas • Total21,63 km2 (835 sq mi)Ketinggian495 m (1,624 ft)Populasi (2013-12-31)[1] • Total1.403 • Kepadatan0,65/km2 (1,7/sq mi)Zona waktuWET/WMPET (UTC+1/+2)Kode pos85408Kode area telepon08766Pelat kendaraanFSSitus webwww.gammelsdor...

 

Kucica hutan

Kucica hutan Status konservasi Risiko Rendah (IUCN 3.1)[1] Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Aves Ordo: Passeriformes Famili: Muscicapidae Genus: Copsychus Spesies: C. malabaricus Nama binomial Copsychus malabaricusScopoli, 1788) Sinonim Kittacincla macruraCittocincla macrura Kucica Hutan (Copsychus malabaricus) juga dikenal sebagai Murai Batu termasuk ke dalam famili Muscicapidae atau burung cacing. Tersebar di seluruh pulau Sumatra, Semenanjung ...

 

Makna kehidupan

Dari Mana Kita Berasal? Apa Kita Ini? Kemana Kita Akan Pergi?, salah satu lukisan paling terkenal dari Post-Impresionis Paul Gauguin Makna kehidupan atau arti kehidupan (bahasa Inggris: the meaning of life) adalah topik yang berkaitan dengan signifikansi kehidupan atau keberadaan secara umum (eksistensi). Persoalan tentang makna kehidupan sering diungkapkan dalam berbagai pertanyaan seperti Mengapa kita ada di sini?, Untuk apa hidup ini?, dan Apa tujuan hidup ini? Sepanjang sejarah, makna keh...

HMV Canada

Entertainment retailer in Canada HMV Canada Ltd.The company's logo from 2015 until 2017Company typePrivately held companyIndustryRetailFounded1986; 38 years ago (1986)(original)February 2024; 2 months ago (2024-02) (revival)DefunctApril 14, 2017; 6 years ago (2017-04-14) (original)FateReceivership and LiquidationSuccessorSunrise RecordsHeadquartersEtobicoke, OntarioArea servedCanadaKey peopleNick Williams, President and CEO (2009–20...

 

Discussion Projet:Culture

Portail Projet Arborescence Pages populaires Discussions Café Cette page permet de discuter des articles du portail Culture et des évolutions à donner au projet associé. Cette page de discussion est automatiquement archivée par OrlodrimBot. Les sections n'ayant aucune activité depuis 12 mois sont automatiquement déplacées. Un index des archives est disponible ici. Les réponses se font sur cette page. Pensez à l'ajouter à votre liste de suivi ! L'admissibilité de l'article « Je...

 

Revolusi Prancis

Revolusi Prancis Révolution françaisePenyerbuan Bastille, 14 Juli 1789.Tanggal1789–1799LokasiPrancisPartisipanRakyat PrancisHasil Dihapuskannya kekuasaan raja, aristokrat, gereja, dan digantikan oleh republik demokratik sekuler dan radikal yang lebih otoriter dan termiliteristik. Perubahan sosial radikal yang berdasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip nasionalisme, demokrasi, dan Pencerahan mengenai kewarganegaraan dan hak asasi. Naiknya Napoleon Bonaparte. Konflik bersenjata dengan negara-negara E...

Connie Ediss

English actress and singer Ediss as Mrs Girdle in The Spring Chicken, 1905 Connie Ediss (born Ada Harriet Whitley;[1] 11 August 1870 – 18 April 1934)[2] was an English actress and singer best known as a buxom, good-humoured comedian in many of the popular Edwardian musical comedies around the turn of the 20th century. After beginning her career in provincial theatres in Britain in music hall and pantomime in the 1880s, Ediss was engaged to play in a series of extraordinaril...

 

2008–09 IIHF European Women's Champions Cup

International ice hockey club tournament 2008–09 IIHF European Women's Champions CupTournament detailsHost countries Finland Czech Republic Sweden Italy Lithuania RussiaDatesRound 124–26 October 200831 October–2 November 2008Round 25–7 December 2008Finals30 January–2 February 2009FormatRound-robinFinal positionsChampions  SKIF Nizhny Novgorod (1st title)Runner-up  Segeltorps IFThird place  Espoo BluesFourth place Aisulu AlmatyTourname...

 

List of civil parishes in Devon

Blank map of civil parish boundaries in Devon This is a list of civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Devon, England. There are 426 civil parishes. East Devon Image Name Status Population Former local authority Refs All Saints Civil Parish 498 Axminster Rural District [1] Awliscombe Civil Parish 507 Honiton Rural District [2] Axminster Town 5 626 Axminster Rural District [1] Axmouth Civil Parish 493 Axminster Rural District [1] Aylesbeare Civil Parish 527...

Meiosis

Cell division producing haploid gametes For the figure of speech, see Meiosis (figure of speech). For the process whereby cell nuclei divide to produce two copies of themselves, see Mitosis. For excessive constriction of the pupils, see Miosis. For the parasitic infestation, see Myiasis. For muscle inflammation, see Myositis. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged ...

 

Pietro Ceccaroni

Pietro Ceccaroni Nazionalità  Italia Altezza 187 cm Peso 73 kg Calcio Ruolo Difensore Squadra  Palermo Carriera Giovanili  Spezia Squadre di club1 2013-2015 Spezia1 (0)2015-2016→  SPAL22 (0)2016-2018 Spezia29 (0)[1]2018-2019→  Padova16 (0)2019-2023 Venezia122 (7)[2]2023→  Lecce2 (0)2023- Palermo27 (2) Nazionale 2013-2014 Italia U-194 (0)2014-2016 Italia U-205 (0) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, pe...

 

RT Documentary

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: RT Documentary – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Television channel RT DocumentaryCountryRussiaBroadcast areaWorldwideNetworkRTHeadquartersMoscow, RussiaProgrammingLanguage(s)English, RussianOwnershipOwner(ANO) TV-NovostiSiste...

Dekan (Gereja Katolik)

Bagian dari seri tentangHierarki Gereja KatolikSanto Petrus Gelar Gerejawi (Jenjang Kehormatan) Paus Kardinal Kardinal Kerabat Kardinal pelindung Kardinal mahkota Kardinal vikaris Moderator kuria Kapelan Sri Paus Utusan Sri Paus Kepala Rumah Tangga Kepausan Nunsio Apostolik Delegatus Apostolik Sindik Apostolik Visitor apostolik Vikaris Apostolik Eksarkus Apostolik Prefek Apostolik Asisten Takhta Kepausan Eparkus Metropolitan Batrik Uskup Uskup agung Uskup emeritus Uskup diosesan Uskup agung u...

 

Adam and Eve (Tintoretto)

Painting by Tintoretto Detail of the painting in the Gallerie dell'Accademia Adam and Eve (Italian: Adamo ed Eva), also known as The Temptation of Adam, Original Sin, and The Fall of Man, may refer to either of two similar works by the Venetian painter Tintoretto: an oil painting in the collection of the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, made around 1550–1553; and a panel in the ceiling of the Upper Hall of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, made around 1577–1578. First version The Temptati...

 

PBRM1

PBRM1 التراكيب المتوفرة بنك بيانات البروتينOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB قائمة رموز معرفات بنك بيانات البروتين 3G0J, 3HMF, 3IU5, 3IU6, 3K2J, 3LJW, 3MB4, 3TLP, 4Q0N, 4Q0O, 4Y03, 5IID, 5FH7, 5II1, 5II2, 5FH6, 5FH8 المعرفات الأسماء المستعارة PBRM1, BAF180, PB1, polybromo 1, SMARCH1, RCC معرفات خارجية الوراثة المندلية البشرية عبر الإنترنت 606083 MGI: MGI:1923998 Homo...

Three Colours: Red

1994 French film by Krzysztof KieślowskiYou can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (10 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-tra...

 

约翰斯顿环礁

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌：《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

 

土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） ...

الكنيسة السبتية

الكنيسة السبتية المؤسس جوزيف بيتس،  وإيلين وايت،  وجيمس سبرينغر وايت،  وجاي ن. اندروز  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالبروتستانتية المفاهيم إصلاح بروتستانتي الصحوة الكبرى التاريخ الثقافة الديموغرافيا معاداة البروتستانتية الفرق الرئيسية سبتيو�...

 

Koenkai

This article is part of a series on theLiberal Democratic Party (Japan) History1950s 1955 System Soviet–Japanese JointDeclaration of 1956 U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 1960s Three Non-Nuclear Principles 1970s Lockheed bribery scandals Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China 1980s Recruit scandal Japanese asset price bubble 1990s Recruit scandal Lost Decades 2000s 2001 Central Government Reform Postal service privatization 2010s Abenomics Moritomo Gakuen scandal 2020s 2023–202...