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European dhole
	Skeletal remains dating back to upper Würm period from Cova del Parpalló, Gandía, Valencia, Spain
	Life restoration
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Genus:	Cuon
Species:	C. alpinus
Subspecies:	†C. a. europaeus
Trinomial name
	†Cuon alpinus europaeus; Bourguignat, 1868

The European dhole (Cuon alpinus europaeus) was a paleosubspecies of the dhole, which ranged throughout much of Western and Central Europe during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Like the modern Asiatic populations, it was a more progressive form than other prehistoric members of the genus Cuon, having transformed its lower molar tooth into a single cusped slicer. It was virtually indistinguishable from its modern counterpart, save for its greater size, which closely approached that of the gray wolf.^[1]

Lineage

Cuon alpinus priscus Thenius 1954 was the first member of genus Cuon to be identified in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene. This was followed by Cuon alpinus fossilis Nehring 1890, then Cuon alpinus europaeus Bourguignat 1868 during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. The descent is thought to be C. a. priscus→C. a. fossilis→C. a. europaeus. In comparison, Cuon alpinus antiquus Colbert & Hooijer 1953 was active in the Middle Pleistocene of China, and Cuon alpinus caucasicus Baryshnikov 1996 was active in the Late Pleistocene of the Caucasus.^[2]

The European dhole became extinct in much of Europe during the late Würm period,^[1] though it may have survived in the Iberian Peninsula until the early Holocene.^[3]

Competition

Between 650–450 thousand years ago in Europe, the open lands were dominated by Lycaon lycaonoides, while Cuon alpinus priscus preferred forests, highlands, and mountains. The early small wolf Canis mosbachensis coexisted in all of these environments. Between 480–430 thousand years ago the number and range of L. lycaonoides began to fall, and it became extinct across Eurasia between 450– 400 thousand years ago. Between 400–300 thousand years ago, the dhole and the wolf were still similar in size, but the wolf was slowly getting bigger. Between 300–250 thousand years ago, the wolf took over the dominant niche which had once been occupied by L. lycaonoides. Due to competition with the wolf, C. alpinus then decreased in body size and adapted to hunting and living in forests, highlands, and mountains.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b Kurtén, Björn (1968), Pleistocene mammals of Europe, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, pp. 111-114
^ Petrucci, Mauro; Romiti, Serena; Sardella, Raffaele (2012). "The Middle-Late Pleistocene Cuon Hodgson, 1838 (Carnivora, Canidae) from Italy" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 51 (2): 146. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2012.15 (inactive 2024-11-20). Archived from the original on 2021-09-19. Retrieved 2015-01-06.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Ripoll, Manuel Pérez; Morales Pérez, Juan V.; Sanchis Serra, Alfred; Aura Tortosa, J. Emili; Montañana, Inocencio Sarrión (March 2010). "Presence of the genus Cuon in upper Pleistocene and initial Holocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula: new remains identified in archaeological contexts of the Mediterranean region". Journal of Archaeological Science. 37 (3): 437–450. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.008.
^ Marciszak, Adrian; Kropczyk, Aleksandra; Lipecki, Grzegorz (2021). "The first record of Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) from Poland and the possible impact of other large canids on the evolution of the species". Journal of Quaternary Science. 36 (6): 1101–1121. Bibcode:2021JQS....36.1101M. doi:10.1002/jqs.3340. S2CID 237776346.