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Eupatorium capillifolium
Conservation status
	; Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Genus:	Eupatorium
Species:	E. capillifolium
Binomial name
	Eupatorium capillifolium; (Lam.) Small
Synonyms
	Synonymy Artemisia capillifolia Lam. ; Artemisia tenuifolia Willd. ; Chrysocoma capillacea Michx. ; Eupatorium foeniculaceum Willd. ; Eupatorium foeniculoides Walter ; Mikania artemisioides Cass. ; Traganthes tenuifolia Wallr. ;

Eupatorium capillifolium, or dog fennel (also written "dogfennel"), is a North American perennial herbaceous plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the eastern and south-central United States.^[3] It is generally between 50 cm and 2 meters tall with several stems that fork from a substantial base.^[4] The stems and base are covered in leaves so dissected that they resemble branching green threads coming out of the stem in fractal patterns. When crushed, the leaves have a sour odor similar to dill pickles.^[5] The flowers have a subtle floral odor.

Classification

Dogfennel is closely related to Eupatorium compositifolium (yankeeweed) and Eupatorium leptophyllum and some authors consider all of them varieties of E. capillifolium.^[6] Others maintain them as three species but consider them a related group, known as dogfennels or the Traganthes group. They all are characterized by dissected leaves.^[7]^[8]

Cultivation and uses

Dog fennel thrives on roadsides,^[6] in fields and reduced tillage crops, as well as areas that have burned or otherwise been disturbed.^[6] It is found in the early to middle (seral) stages of ecological succession. It is native to the southern and eastern United States, from Massachusetts south to Florida, and west to Missouri and Texas,^[9]^[10] and also Cuba and the Bahamas.^[11] Unlike insect-pollinated plants in this genus, E. capillifolium is wind-pollinated.^[11]

Dog fennel is eaten by Florida's scarlet-bodied wasp moth, Cosmosoma myrodora. These moths feed on the plant while mature, to store its toxins and ward off predators.

Control

Dog fennel spreads by both seeds and rootstocks and can grow quite aggressively. It is common in pastures, especially those that are unimproved or overgrazed,^[6] and degrades the quality of the pasture by competing with desired forage species.^[12] Dog fennel contains liver-damaging pyrrolizidine alkaloids, so livestock are known to eat all the turf around a stand of it. To remove infestations of dog fennel, the recommended course of action is to mow it before it can seed.

It has also been introduced outside its native range, for example in Nepal.^[13]

Toxicity

Dog fennel contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can cause liver failure.^[14]

Medicinal uses

Eupatorium capillifolium is extracted into an essential oil and has anti-fungal properties.^[15]

References

^ "Eupatorium capillifolium". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2010-09-12.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small ex Porter & Britton — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
^ "Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small". PLANTS.
^ Uva, Richard H.; Joseph C. Neal; Joseph M. Ditomaso (1997). Weeds of The Northeast. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 0-8014-8334-4.
^ "Dog Fennel" (PDF). National Association of Landscape Professionals. 2018. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Eupatorium capillifolium". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
^ Kunsiri Chaw Siripun and Edward E. Schilling (2006). "Molecular confirmation of the hybrid origin of Eupatorium godfreyanum (Asteraceae)". American Journal of Botany. 93 (2): 319–325. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.2.319. PMID 21646192.
^ Gregory J. Schmidt and Edward E. Schilling (2000). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 87 (5): 716–726. doi:10.2307/2656858. JSTOR 2656858. PMID 10811796.
^ "Eupatorium capillifolium". Flora of North America.
^ "Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map".
^ ^a ^b Victoria I. Sullivan, Joseph Neigel and Bomao Miao (May 1991). "Bias in Inheritance of Chloroplast DNA and Mechanisms of Hybridization between Wind- And Insect-Pollinated Eupatorium (Asteraceae)". American Journal of Botany. 78 (5): 695–705. doi:10.2307/2445090. JSTOR 2445090.
^ Ferrell, J.A.; G.E. MacDonald. "Dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium): Biology and Control". University of Florida. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
^ "Eupatorium capillifolium in Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org.
^ "Dog Fennel". www.wildsouthflorida.com.
^ Nurhayat, Tabanca; R, Bernier, Ulrich; Maia, Tsilokia; J, Becnel, James; Blair, Sampson; Chris, Werle; Betul, Demirci; H, Baser, Kemal; K, Blythe, Eugene (January 2010). "Eupatorium Capillifolium Essential Oil: Chemical Composition, Antifungal Activity, and Insecticidal Activity". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)