Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano

Reliquary displaying the relics of the Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano

The Miracle of Lanciano is a Eucharistic miracle said to have occurred in the eighth century in the city of Lanciano, Italy. According to tradition, a Basilian monk who had doubts about the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist found, when he said the words of consecration at Mass, that the bread and wine changed into flesh and blood. The Catholic Church officially recognizes this miracle as authentic.[1]

The incident is similar to the tradition known as the Mass of Saint Gregory, first recorded in the 8th century by Paul the Deacon.

The Miracle of Lanciano, together with the Eucharistic miracle of Santarém, in Portugal, is considered among the most important.[2]

History of the miracle

The first known reports of the event date to 1574 and do not specify the exact year in which it would have occurred, but some believe that certain historical circumstances allow it to be placed chronologically eight centuries earlier, between 730 and 750. The Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian, who reigned from 717 to 741, implemented a strict policy against religious images by promulgating an edict in 730 ordering their destruction. Mosaics and frescoes were destroyed with hammers, icons were thrown into the fire and several Greek monks were killed. As a consequence, many religious people, including numerous Basilian monks, took refuge in Italy.[3][4]

The miracle is described as follows: In the city of Lanciano, Italy, then known as Anxanum, some time in the 700s, a Basilian hieromonk was assigned to celebrate Mass at the monastery of St. Longinus. Celebrating in the Roman Rite and using unleavened bread, the monk had doubts about the Catholic doctrine of the real presence. During the Mass, when he said the Words of Consecration ("This is my body. This is my blood"), the priest saw the bread change into living flesh and the wine change into blood, which coagulated into five globules, of different shapes and sizes.[5]

Since there are no contemporary sources, the details and not even the name of the protagonist of the events are known; however, some sources give the idea that he must have been a priest of the Byzantine rite and a Basilian monk.[6]

Relics

Close-ups of portions (left and right) of the reliquary (center) exhibited on rear-lighted panels

The Basilian monks purportedly kept custody of the Eucharistic elements until their departure in 1175. They were succeeded by Benedictine monks in 1176.[7] The items were placed in different locations within the Church of St. Francis at Lanciano. They were kept in the Valsecca Chapel from 1636 until 1902 when they were relocated to a new altar.[8][9]

As of 2012, the relics of this miracle are kept in the Church of St. Francis in Lanciano. In 2004, Pope John Paul II recalled visiting the relics there while a cardinal.[10] They are displayed in a silver and glass reliquary made in Naples in 1713.

The host matter consists of a rounded membrane, yellow-brown in colour, with a shading of greater intensity, and contains a large central hole; it is identified with the flesh. The wine matter comes in the form of five earthy brown lumps of different shapes and sizes, claimed to be the coagulated blood. Over the centuries the relics were examined several times. During the first reconnaissance, carried out in 1574 by Archbishop Gaspare Rodriguez, it was said that the weight of each blood clot was equal to the total weight of the five clots. This supernatural claim had a theological meaning: Each drop of the consecrated wine contained in its entirety the complete and indivisible substance of the blood of Jesus.[11]

In November 1970, at the request of the Archbishop of Lanciano, Pacifico Maria Luigi Perantoni, and the Provincial Superior of the Order of Friars Minor Conventual of the Abruzzo region, Bruno Luciani, the Franciscan friars of Lanciano, who guarded the relics, decided, with the authorization of the Vatican, to have them subjected to medical-scientific analysis. The task was performed by Odoardo Linoli, head of the laboratory of clinical analysis and pathological anatomy of the hospital of Arezzo—full professor of anatomy, histology, chemistry, and clinical microscopy—and Ruggero Bertelli, professor of anatomy at the University of Siena. The histological and microchemical studies revealed that the relics were human heart muscle tissue. The positivity of the oxidase test, generally indicative for blood, can also occur in the presence of organs rich in ferments, vegetal extracts, finely divided metals.[12][13][14] In the microscopic examination, no cellular elements appear but a finely granular material, yellow-brown-greenish in color, together with rare foreign bodies of probable vegetal nature.

Silvano Fuso, a member of the Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims of the Pseudosciences, pointed out the strangeness of the fact that there were no sources older than 1574 for an event of the eighth century.[15]

References

  1. ^ "Wabasha church hosts display depicting 160 Vatican-approved Eucharistic miracles". Winona Daily News. 25 April 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  2. ^ The Eucharistic miracle of Santarém, Portugal in The Eucharistic Miracles of the World (Catalogue of the Vatican International Exhibition). Eternal Life; 1st edition (January 1, 2009), 330 pages. ISBN 9781931101028
  3. ^ Cardini, Franco (2006). Storia medievale. Marina Montesano. Grassina (Firenze): Le Monnier università. ISBN 88-00-20474-0. OCLC 71831269.
  4. ^ Nickell, Joe (2007). Relics of the Christ. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2425-4. JSTOR j.ctt2jcjg5.
  5. ^ Justice, Steven (1 May 2012). "Eucharistic Miracle and Eucharistic Doubt". Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. 42 (2): 307–332. doi:10.1215/10829636-1571894. ISSN 1082-9636.
  6. ^ Aulino, Felicity; Goheen, Miriam; Tambiah, Stanley J., eds. (4 March 2013). Radical Egalitarianism: Local Realities, Global Relations. Fordham University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1c5cjrj. ISBN 978-0-8232-4619-9. JSTOR j.ctt1c5cjrj.
  7. ^ Cardini, Franco; Montesano, Marina (2006). Storia medievale (in Italian). Mondadori Education. p. 225. ISBN 978-88-00-20474-3.
  8. ^ zeldacaldwell (13 November 2020). "Visit the relics of the Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano, Italy". Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  9. ^ Cruz, Joan Carroll (2015). Relics. TAN Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-89555-850-3.
  10. ^ "Letter to H.E. Msgr Carlo Ghidelli, Archbishop of Lanciano-Ortona (Italy) (October 4, 2004) | John Paul II". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  11. ^ Cardini, Franco; Montesano, Marina (2006). Storia medievale (in Italian). Mondadori Education. ISBN 978-88-00-20474-3.
  12. ^ Linoli, Odoardo (1971). "Ricerche istologiche, immunologiche e biochimiche sulla carne e sul sangue del miracolo eucaristico di Lanciano" (PDF). Quaderni Sclavo di Diagnostica (in Italian). 7 (3). AREZZO, Italy: 661–664.
  13. ^ Linoli, Odoardo (1971). "Ricerche istologiche, immunologiche e biochimiche sulla carne e sul sangue del miracolo eucaristico di Lanciano" (PDF). Quaderni Sclavo di Diagnostica (in Italian). 7 (3). AREZZO, Italy: 665–674.
  14. ^ Serafini, Franco (23 November 2021). A Cardiologist Examines Jesus: The Stunning Science Behind Eucharistic Miracles. Sophia Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-64413-477-1.
  15. ^ "Il Miracolo eucaristico di Lanciano". CICAP (in Italian). Retrieved 4 January 2023.

42°13′48″N 14°23′24″E / 42.23000°N 14.39000°E / 42.23000; 14.39000