Eucalyptus salubris

For other uses, see Gimlet.

Gimlet
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species:
E. salubris
Binomial name
Eucalyptus salubris
Eucalyptus salubris trunk and foliage

Eucalyptus salubris, commonly known as gimlet, fluted gum tree, gimlet gum and silver-topped gimlet,[2] is a species of mallet that is endemic to low-rainfall areas of the wheatbelt and goldfields regions of Western Australia.[3]

Description

Eucalyptus salubris grows as a mallet, usually from 4–15 m (13–49 ft) high but does not form a lignotuber. It is one of the nine true gimlet species that have buds in groups of seven. It has smooth, strongly fluted trunks and stems, and white or cream flowers from September to March. The adult leaves are arranged alternately on the branchlets and the same glossy green colour on both sides, with petioles that are 7–20 mm (0.28–0.79 in) long. The leaf blade is narrowly lance-shaped, usually 65–105 mm (2.6–4.1 in) long and 7–15 mm (0.28–0.59 in) wide with the base tapering to the petiole, and a pointed apex.[4]

Flowering occurs from September to March and the flowers are white or cream flowers ,are arranged in groups of seven in the leaf axils on stout, unbranched peduncles. The groups are broadest near the tip and approximately 0.4 to 2 cm (0.16 to 0.79 in) long. The fruit are hemispherical to cone-shaped with the narrower end towards the base and 0.5 to 0.7 cm (0.20 to 0.28 in) wide. The rim of tissue around the edge of the fruit where the "cap" or operculum was attached is level to sloping.[4][5]

The seed capsules remain on trees until the following spring and abundant quantities are often present. There are about 400 viable seeds found in every gram.[6][7]

Taxonomy

The species was first published in 1876 by Ferdinand von Mueller, based on specimens collected at Queen Victoria Spring by Jess Young during the Giles expedition of May 1875.[8][9] The specific epithet (salubris) is a Latin word meaning "healthful", "wholesome" or "beneficial",[10] in reference to the healthy appearance of the tree. The common name refers to the fluted or twisted trunks, resembling a carpenter’s gimlet which is a boring tool.[11]

In 1919, Joseph Maiden described E.calyptus salubris var. glauca,[12][13] but this was promoted to species rank as E. ravida in 1991.[14] Hybrids with E. tortilis have been reported.[15]

The species belongs in Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus section Bisectae subsection Glandulosae. This section has buds with two opercula and the cotyledons are bisected and the branchlets have numerous oil glands in the pith. E. salubris also belongs to a well known small group, the gimlets, notable for the slender fluted, twisted shiny trunks.[4]

E. salubris is one of the nine true gimlet species that have buds in groups of seven, and the only gimlet that is a mallee. The other true gimlets are E. campaspe, E. creta, E. diptera, E. jimberlanica, E. ravida, E. terebra, E. effusa and E. tortilis.[16]

Eucalyptus tortilis is morphologically closest to E. salubris differing only in having larger buds with more acute operculum and slightly larger fruit.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Stand of trees with man at center, circa 1920

This gimlet has a wide distribution, occurring throughout the Avon Wheatbelt and Coolgardie biogeographic regions, with outliers as far west as Perth and as far south as Esperance. The relief is generally gentle slopes. It grows in a range of soils: red loams, red clay loams, yellow and red sand, and laterite.[7]

The species is widespread through the Wheatbelt and the southern part of the Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia. It is found from Mullewa in the north-west extending to the south-east near Pingrup and extending east and north as far as Norseman and Zanthus to the western part of the Great Victoria Desert and north to around Laverton.[4]

Ecology

Large and unfragmented populations of E. salubris produced approximately double the number of seeds per capsule as fragmented smaller populations. However, seed weight, seed germination, survival of seedlings and vigour of seedlings in the first year are found to be independent of population fragmentation or size. Data collected suggest that increased fragmentation and smaller population size can reduce pollen quality and/or quantity, so that seed production is also reduced.[17]

Uses

The species is used for fence posts, good ornamental attributes or shelterbelt or shade trees for stock. The flowers produce nectar for honey production, pollen has value for apiculture or high tannin content in bark.[6] The frost resistant and drought tolerant tree is grown throughout the world. In Western Australia its preference for rich loamy soils have resulted in large stands of the species being cleared for farmland.[5][18]

References

  1. ^ "Eucalyptus salubris". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Australian Plant Common Names Database". Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  3. ^ Chippendale, G.M. (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields (and the adjacent wheatbelt), Canberra. AGPS p.79.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Eucalyptus salubris". Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  5. ^ a b Gardner, Charles A. (1987). Eucalypts of Western Australia. Perth, W.A.: Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Agriculture. pp. 25–27.
  6. ^ a b "Eucalyptus salubris". Factsheet. Florabank. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Eucalyptus salubris". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  8. ^ "Eucalyptus salubris". APNI. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  9. ^ Hall, Norman (1978). Botanists of the Eucalypts. Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. ISBN 0643002715.
  10. ^ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 678.
  11. ^ "Eucalyptus salubris gimlet, fluted gum" (PDF). Eucalypts of Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  12. ^ "Eucalyptus salubris var. glauca". APNI. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  13. ^ Maiden, Joseph; Flockton, Margaret (1919). A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus. Sydney: Gullick. p. 158.
  14. ^ "Eucalyptus ravida". APNI. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  15. ^ "Eucalyptus salubris". CHAH. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  16. ^ French, Malcolm (October 2012). Eucalypts of Western Australia's Wheatbelt : Eucalypts of Western Australia. Padbury: Malcolm French. ISBN 9780646590660.
  17. ^ Siegfried L. Krauss; Luise Hermanutz; Stephen Hopper; David J. Coates (9 July 2006). "Population-size effects on seeds and seedlings from fragmented eucalypt populations: implications for seed sourcing for ecological restoration". Australian Journal of Botany. 55 (3). CSIRO: 390. doi:10.1071/BT06141. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  18. ^ "Wheatbelt Tree Species". Central Wheatbelt Visitor Centre. 29 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2017.