Ethephon

Ethephon
Names


Preferred IUPAC name (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid
Other names Bromeflor Arvest Ethrel
Identifiers
CAS Number	16672-87-0^Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:52741^Y
ChemSpider	26031^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.037.002
KEGG	C18399^Y
PubChem CID	27982
UNII	XU5R5VQ87S^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID7024085
InChI InChI=1S/C2H6ClO3P/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-2H2,(H2,4,5,6)^Y Key: UDPGUMQDCGORJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y InChI=1/C2H6ClO3P/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-2H2,(H2,4,5,6) Key: UDPGUMQDCGORJQ-UHFFFAOYAQ
SMILES ClCCP(=O)(O)O
Properties
Chemical formula	C₂H₆ClO₃P
Molar mass	144.49 g·mol⁻¹
Density	1.409 g/cm³
Melting point	74 °C (165 °F; 347 K)
Solubility in water	123.9 g/100 mL (23 °C)
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Corrosive
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is ^YN ?) Infobox references

Ethephon is a plant growth regulator.^[1]

Mechanism of action

Upon metabolism by the plant, it is converted into ethylene, a potent regulator of plant growth and ripeness. When applied in a plant which is in a vegetative stage, ethylene usually acts by hindering vegetative growth and inducing the start of the flowering stage. If applied in a later stage, it can make the ripening of some fruits quicker. It is also a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor.^[2]

Uses in various crops

Ethephon is often used on wheat, coffee, tobacco, cotton, and rice in order to help the plant's fruit reach ripeness more quickly.

Cotton is the most important single crop use for ethephon. It initiates fruiting over a period of several weeks, promotes early concentrated boll opening, and enhances defoliation to facilitate and improve the efficiency of scheduled harvesting. Harvested cotton quality is improved.^[3]^[4]

Ethephon is also widely used by pineapple growers to initiate the fruit's reproductive development (forcing). Ethephon is also sprayed on mature-green pineapple fruits to degreen them to meet produce marketing requirements. There can be some detrimental effect on fruit quality.^{[citation needed]}

It is sometimes used by cannabis growers to induce flowering, abort seed formation, increase the quality of the resins, induce the appearance of female flowers in male plants, and to suppress the development of male flowers in hermaphrodite plants.^[5]

The toxicity of ethephon is very low,^[6] and any ethephon used on the plant is converted very quickly to ethylene.^[7]

The use of this chemical is allowed in the European Union.

References

^ "R.E.D. Facts Ethephon" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency.
^ Zhang, Nanjing; Casida, John E (2002). "Novel Irreversible Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors: 2-Chloro-1-(substituted-phenyl)ethylphosphonic Acids". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 10 (5): 1281–1290. doi:10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00391-1. PMID 11886791.
^ Christopher L. Main and Robert M. Hayes. "Cotton Harvest Aids" (PDF). University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture.
^ Bill L. Weir and J. M. Gaggero (1982). "Ethephon may hasten cotton boll opening, increase yield". California Agriculture.
^ Mansouri, Hakimeh; Salari, Fatemeh; Asrar, Zahra (2013-04-01). "Ethephon application stimulats cannabinoids and plastidic terpenoids production in Cannabis sativa at flowering stage". Industrial Crops and Products. 46: 269–273. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.01.025. ISSN 0926-6690.
^ Pesticide Information Profiles: Ethephon, Extension Toxicology Net. Sept 1995.
^ "1994 Joint meeting of the FAO panel of experts on pesticide residues in food and the environment." UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 1994.

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