After Ozolua's death, Esigie controlled Benin City, while his brother Arhuaran controlled Udo, a town about 30 kilometres (20 mi) northwest of Benin City, that was nearly its equal in size and influence.[3][4] Following a bitter power struggle with Arhuaran, and with major assistance and support from his mother Idia, Esigie gathered the Benin army at Unuame on the river Osse and from there launched an attack and overthrew Arhuanran.[5] Esigie became Oba of Benin and would later fend off an attack from the Igala people.[6][7][8]
Esigie started a tradition in Benin by abolishment of the killing of the king's mother, giving Idia the title of Iyoba (or Queen Mother), and providing the Eguae-Iyoba (Palace of the Queen Mother) in lower Uselu for her use.[9][10][11] Idia was responsible for many cultural innovations that still hold strong in Benin's cultural history; she notably dressed as a man marched alongside her son and led Benin to victory in the Idah battle of 1515. When Idia died, her protege and Esigie's wife Elaba would go to support the Oba until his death c. 1550.[12]
Impact
Oba Esigie established diplomatic relations with European countries, particularly Portugal, in the early 16th century.[13] He welcomed Portuguese ambassadors and Christian missionaries, fostering a peaceful relationship that benefited both nations. He also engaged in trade with European nations, exchanging goods like ivory, pepper, and slaves for firearms, horses, and other commodities.[14]
Military Campaigns and Conquests
Oba Esigie expanded Benin's territories through successful military campaigns, notably defeating the Igala in the north in 1516 without relying on Portuguese arms.[15] He also conquered the kingdoms of Eko and Ijebu, incorporating them into the Benin Empire.[16][17]
Administration and Reforms
Oba Esigie implemented several administrative reforms, including the creation of a centralized government and a new system of taxation. He also reformed the Benin army, introducing new military tactics and weapons, such as firearms, which were acquired through trade with European nations.[17]
Cultural Achievements
Oba Esigie was a patron of the arts,[18] and his court attracted many artists, musicians, and poets. He encouraged the development of Benin art, architecture, and literature, and his reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of Benin culture
Religion and Spirituality
Oba Esigie was a devout follower of the traditional Benin religion, which emphasized the worship of ancestors and the gods of nature. He also tolerated the presence of Christian missionaries in his kingdom, and allowed them to build churches and proselytize.[3]
Legacy
Oba Esigie's legacy is still celebrated in Benin City. He is remembered as a great military leader, a wise administrator, and a patron of the arts. His reign marked the beginning of Benin's rise as a major power in West Africa, and his cultural achievements continue to inspire artists and scholars around the world.
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