Equus ovodovi

Equus ovodovi
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–Holocene
↓
Restoration of Equus ovodovi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Genus: Equus
Species:
†E. ovodovi
Binomial name
†Equus ovodovi
Eisenmann and Vasiliev, 2011

Equus ovodovi is an extinct species of equine known from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of North and East Asia.

Description

Equus ovodovi was slightly larger than the Asiatic wild ass,[1] with one individual from Proskurjakov cave having an estimated body mass of around 196.5 kilograms (433 lb).[2] E. ovodovi can be can be distinguished from wild asses based on its larger and more robust limb bones.[3]

Ecology

Isotopic analysis of specimens from the Holocene of China suggests a preference for C4 plants.[4]

Evolution and extinction

Equus ovodovi has been suggested to be the last surviving member of the subgenus Sussemionus, which first appeared in North America over 2 million years ago, and was formerly present across Afro-Eurasia.[1][5] Some later studies questioned its relationship to the subgenus Sussemionus.[6] Remains are known spanning from southern Western Siberia to Northern China, with the youngest remains dating to around 3900 and 3400 years ago (~1900 and 1400 BC) in Mongolia and Northern China, respectively.[7] Genetic evidence suggests that it was more closely related to zebras and asses than to horses. Initial genetic analysis based on the mitochondrial DNA found the exact relationship to be uncertain, but analysis of the full nuclear genome suggests that zebras and asses are more closely related to each other than either are to E. ovodovi, though there had been gene flow into the Equus ovodovi lineage from both the last common ancesor of zebras and asses and the last common ancestor of zebras, as well as gene flow from the Equus ovodovi lineage into the last common ancestor of asses.[8]

Cladogram after Cai et al. 2022:[8]

Equus

Equus ferus (wild horse)

†Equus ovodovi

Subgenus Asinus (asses)

Subgenus Hippotigris (zebras)

Its genetic diversity progressively declined to very low levels over the course of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene prior to its extinction.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b Eisenmann, Véra; Sergej, Vasiliev (September 2011). "Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (Southwestern Siberia)". Geodiversitas. 33 (3): 519–530. doi:10.5252/g2011n3a5. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 128625427.
  2. ^ Pushkina, Diana (2024-11-19). "Paleoecology and body mass distribution of horses in northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 61 (1). doi:10.5735/086.061.0118. ISSN 0003-455X.
  3. ^ Plasteeva, N. A.; Vasiliev, S. K.; Klementiev, A. M.; Kosintsev, P. A. (December 2021). "Morphological Differentiation of Equids (Equus ovodovi, Equus hemionus) and Their Distribution Ranges in Western Siberia in the Late Pleistocene". Biology Bulletin. 48 (S1): S197 – S207. Bibcode:2021BioBu..48S.197P. doi:10.1134/S1062359021140132. ISSN 1062-3590. S2CID 254283695.
  4. ^ Liang, Qiyao; Chen, Quanjia; Zhang, Naifan; Zhang, Wei; Ning, Chao; Cai, Dawei (March 2023). "Subsistence strategies in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age in Nenjiang River Basin: A zooarchaeological and stable isotope analysis of faunal remains at Honghe site, Northeast China". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 33 (2): 271–284. doi:10.1002/oa.3212. ISSN 1047-482X. S2CID 257035576.
  5. ^ Eisenmann, Véra (March 2010). "Sussemionus, a new subgenus of Equus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 333 (3): 235–240. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2009.12.013. PMID 20338542.
  6. ^ Eisenmann, Vera (2022-09-11). "Old World Fossil Equus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia), Extant Wild Relatives and Incertae Sedis Forms". Quaternary. 5 (3): 38. doi:10.3390/quat5030038. ISSN 2571-550X.
  7. ^ Pan, Jianfei; Liu, Xuexue; Baca, Mateusz; Calvière-Tonasso, Laure; Schiavinato, Stéphanie; Chauvey, Loreleï; Tressières, Gaétan; Perdereau, Aude; Aury, Jean-Marc; Oliveira, Pedro H.; Wincker, Patrick; Abdykanova, Aida; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Belinskiy, Andrey B. (October 2024). "Genome-wide population affinities and signatures of adaptation in hydruntines, sussemiones and Asian wild asses". Molecular Ecology. 33 (19). Bibcode:2024MolEc..33E7527P. doi:10.1111/mec.17527. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 39279684.
  8. ^ a b c Cai, Dawei; Zhu, Siqi; Gong, Mian; Zhang, Naifan; Wen, Jia; Liang, Qiyao; Sun, Weilu; Shao, Xinyue; Guo, Yaqi; Cai, Yudong; Zheng, Zhuqing; Zhang, Wei; Hu, Songmei; Wang, Xiaoyang; Tian, He (2022-05-11). "Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of Equus Sussemionus until the late Holocene". eLife. 11. doi:10.7554/eLife.73346. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9142152. PMID 35543411.

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