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Ephemera vulgata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Ephemeroptera
Family:	Ephemeridae
Genus:	Ephemera
Species:	E. vulgata
Binomial name
	Ephemera vulgata; Linnaeus, 1758

Ephemera vulgata is a species of mayfly in the genus Ephemera. This mayfly breeds in stationary water in slow rivers and in ponds, the nymphs developing in the mud.

Description

Ephemera vulgata can be told in both adult and subimago stages from the rather similar green drake (Ephemera danica) by its duller colour and slightly smaller size. The wings are more heavily veined and the upper side of the abdomen has pairs of dark lateral markings on each segment.^[1]

Distribution and habitat

Ephemera vulgata is found throughout most of Europe. It mostly breeds in sluggish rivers and still waters such as ponds. This species is in decline, probably because of pollution of waterways by pesticides and heavy metals, and because the adult insects are disorientated by light pollution.^[2]

Biology

The nymphs of E. vulgata burrow into the sediment at the bottom of ponds. Most burrowing mayfly nymphs use the gills on their abdomens to create a current of water through their burrows, thereby ensuring sufficient oxygen is available to absorb through the tracheae in their skin. The motile, filamentous gills of E. vulgata seem to act as secondary respiratory surfaces and their presence is necessary to the nymph in the low-oxygen environment in which it lives. By contrast, nymphs of Baetis and Cloeon spp. that were deprived of their gills maintained a normal uptake of oxygen even in low-oxygen environments.^[3]

The sediment in which the nymphs live is rich in organic material, and in polluted environments, heavy metals may accumulate. The nymphs bioaccumulate the toxic metals cadmium, copper, lead and zinc.^[4]

The males perform a "nuptial dance"^[5] which takes place over land, above open areas or single trees, or in the lee of trees in windy weather.^[6] This swarming activity takes place between June and August, in the morning and evening and at other time of day, influenced by the temperature and amount of cloud cover. In between bouts of swarming, males rest in the vegetation.^[6] Females fly into a swarm and are inseminated from below by a male taking part in the up and down motion.^[7] The eggs are laid by the female dipping her abdomen into the surface of the water. This mayfly usually has a two-year life cycle (one- and three-year cycles have also been recorded),^[1] with the nymphal stage lasting for most of this period and the adult being on the wing briefly in summer.

References

^ ^a ^b Edwards, Oliver (2009). Oliver Edwards' Flytyer's Masterclass. Coch Y Bonddu Books. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-904784-21-0.
^ Goodyear, K.L.; McNeill, S. (1999). "Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic macro-invertebrates of different feeding guilds: a review". Science of the Total Environment. 229 (1–2): 1–19. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00051-0.
^ Wingfield, C.A. (1939). "The Function of the Gills of Mayfly Nymphs from Different Habitats". Journal of Experimental Biology. 16: 363–373. ISSN 1477-9145.
^ Jop, Krzysztof M. (1991). "Concentration of metals in various larval stages of four Ephemeroptera species". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 46 (6): 901–905. doi:10.1007/BF01689736. PMID 1863798. S2CID 33961813.
^ Dudgeon, David (1999). Tropical Asian Streams: Zoobenthos, Ecology and Conservation. Hong Kong University Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-962-209-469-7.
^ ^a ^b Savolainen, Eino (1978). "Swarming in Ephemeroptera: the mechanism of swarming and the effects of illumination and weather". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 15 (1): 17–52. JSTOR 23733700.
^ Spieth, Herman T. (1940). "Studies on the Biology of the Ephemeroptera. II. The Nuptial Flight". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 48 (4): 379–390. JSTOR 25004879.